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60 Terms
Where did Islam originate?
The Middle East
Who founded Islam and when
Muhammad AD 610
What are you called if you practice Islam And where do they worship?
Muslim, a mosque. The leader of the service is a Imam
Where and when was Muhammad born?
AD 570 in Mecca on the Arabian peninsula
Who talked to Muhammad
An Archangel gabriel. This was after he separated himself so he could reflect and pray for his people.
What is the Quran
It is where Muhammad wrote down the archangels messages or revelations. It is a holy text.
Why did the Hijrah happen?
Muhammad said he was a prophet and got his people kicked out of Mecca. This led to their journey or Hijrah to Medina. It is the start date of the Muslim calendar.
What does Hijrah mean
Migration
What is Hajj
Muhammads journey back to Mecca. It is held annually. It end as Kaaba “house of god”. Every able bodied Muslim must do this at least once.
What type of religion is Islam
Monotheistic, and an abrahamic religion, 25 prophets.
What are the five pillars of Islam?
Shahadah— 1 god Allah and Muhammad is the messenger
Salat—pray 5 a day. Mat facing Mecca
Zakat—2.5% of income must be donated to the needy
Sawm—Ramadan (nothing but water during the day unless sick, pregnant, or to old)
Hajj— travel to Mecca once in life and gather a sacred mosque encircle Kaaba )black stone that fell from heavens as sign from A&E to build shrine to god)
What is iconography
Any icon or symbol intended to represent a person or idea.
How is iconography not allowed in Islam
They are not allowed to create an image of Muhammad. They can write his name. They do this so he will not be worshipped.
Why do women cover themselves in Islam?
Because in Mesopotamia women veiled themselves to show that they were married. There are the hijab, burqa, and niqab.
What is Muslim law called?
Sharia. It come from the Quran, the hadiths (quotes from Muhammad about behavior), and the fatwas (rulings of Islamic scholars).
What is a cleric
A group of Muslim scholars who issue and uphold Muslim laws.
What is a harem
Men can have up to four wives but he must treat them all equally.
What rights did Muhammad give women
Right to inherit property and right to divorce.
What was the first Islamic empire and when did it come to power
Rashidun Caliphate after Muhammads death in AD 632
What happened after Muhammad died
He never named a successor so Islam split in two. Some followed Muhammads best friend Abu Bakr and became Sunni Muslims. Others followed Muhammad’s cousin and son in law Ali and were know as Shia Muslims.
Shia Muslims
Believe that Muhammads successor should be a relative. Iraq, Pakistan, India.
Sunni Muslims
Most Muslims are Sunni.
What are Muslim communities called?
Ummah’s
What is an area of the world controlled my Muslims known as?
Dar-al-islam
Did Muslim rulers allow for religious tolerance?
Yes and many people ended up blending their beliefs with traditional Muslim beliefs.
What did Muslims do when they conquered people (especially those of other religions)
They often allowed Christians and Jews to remain in conquered areas without conflict because they were (people of the book —abraham).
What is the House of Wisdom?
Built in Baghdad for scholars to discuss academia and to translate texts into Arabic. Basis for libraries now. Uni’s established fields of study.
What is a Muslim empire called?
A Caliphate and the leader is called a caliph.
What was the Umayyad Caliphate?
The role of caliph was passed from father to son (dynasty or hereditary monarchy). It spread Arab culture (arabization) to Asia, Africa, and Europe. Arabic was the official language, coins, and architecture.
What were some achievements of the Umayyad Caliphate?
Postal system for communication and trade, collection of taxes from people who lived in the empire. Arab culture and Islam spread through trade.
When did the Umayyad Caliphate end?
AD 750. When the leader was defeated and the members were hunted down and killed. Only one person escaped to Spain and made a dynasty in Cordoba. You can see influence in architecture in Spain.
What was the Abbasid Caliphate?
They believed in emphasizing membership of the Islamic faith rather than creating an Arab community. The law during this time was constructed mostly from Islamic beliefs.
What were some changes made during the Abbasid Caliphate?
Moved the capital Islamic world from Damascus to Baghdad (2nd largest city at time). Islamic golden age. New irrigation techniques led to food and population increase which made urban areas flourish. Mosques, hospitals, schools, orphanages, universities were built. Trading, Persian rugs, paper mills.
What is a mamluk?
Slaves used by the Abbasid to control the empire. They were trained early in military tactics and religion. They eventually rose up and overcame the government and established the Mamluk Caliphate.
What is a Sufis and what happened because of them?
Muslim merchants who practiced a mystical form of Islam. Islam arrived in Southeast Asia because of them.
How did Sufism develop?
In reaction to umayyads preoccupation with worldly concerns. They derive their beliefs from Muhammad the “perfect man” who shows the morality of god. They traveled through trade routes to ports.
Who are Dhimmis?
People of the book Abraham. They did not have to pay religious taxes, could eat pork and alcohol.
What was trade like in Southeast Asia?
7 and 8 century AD Sumatra and Malaysia were trade centers. Sailors sold cloves, nutmeg, and mace. Helped spread Buddhism. Sufi merchants arrived 13 century AD and spread Islam. Coverts were attracted to Islam.
What is a jizya?
An obligatory tax that non-Muslims were required to pay. If you were not Muslim but lived in an Islamic caliphate you did not have to pay. Not paying way one reason they wanted to join.
Who is Ibn Battuta?
A Muslim of Berber descent. Lived in 14th century AD. One of the greatest travelers of all time. Kept a journal of experiences as he traveled from northwest Africa to the Islamic empire and beyond.
What did Ibn Battuta write about?
Cultures, customs, geographic features. He traveled from home of Tangier, Morocco to Northern Africa, the Horn of Africa, west Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, South Asia, china, and Southeast Asia.
What is the Kush Kingdom? (AD 300) (nubia)
Rose to power from trade. Middleman in exchanges between Egypt (Mediterranean) and Southern Africa. They mined gold and had monumental architecture. Collapsed due to invasions and fell to Axum.
What was Axum? (Ethiopia)
Ruled northern Ethiopia at the end of northeast africas classical age. Dominated Red Sea coast until end of 9th century AD. Christianized in 4th century AD. A Persian invasion into southern Arabia ended it. 7th and 8th centuries Islamic Caliphates took control of their trade.
Who were the Coptic Christian’s (nubia) (AD 400)
Originated in Nubia (south of Egypt. Sudan and Libya). AD 400-800 Christianity was the major religion in Egypt. Today Coptic’s are 10% of Egypt population
Who were the Tuareg/ Berbers (North Africa)
Originated on Northern Africa coast. Once most powerful in North Africa due to strong trade systems and knowledge of africas physical geography. Became nomads in Sahara. Caravans with slaves and salt, gold, metal beads transported to the Mediterranean coast. Depended on camels and connected west Africa with Muslim world and Mediterranean coast.
What were the Swahili City-States? (AD 1400)
Swahili is the blend of African and Arabic culture. Swahili culture goes from Somalia to Mozambique and included many important trading cities on the eastern coast of Africa. Each city-state was governed by a king who controlled trade and taxes.
What does moor mean?
It’s used to describe the Muslim population, rule, and influence in Spain. It includes people from the Umayyad Caliphate and Berber and Arab tribes. Morocco.
What was Moorish Spain (AD 740) (Expansion)
Umayyad Caliphate extended into the Iberian peninsula which spread Arab architecture and Muslim faith. It went into the French kingdom but stopped at the battle of tours.
Who were the Almoravids?
Reformist, puritanical Muslims who came from the desert Berber people of the Sahara. Created Jihad, and moved south and west into Spain. AD 1140 occupied Tangier and Fez (Morocco).
What is Jihad?
A holy water, to purify, spread, and protect Muslim faith.
How did the Ghana empire come to power?
By controlling the Gold-salt trade.
What was the Gold-Salt Trade?
People in west Africa had gold mines but needed salad. People northeast of Ghana mined salt and exchanged it for gold.
What is a silent barter?
Seller leaves product in a location and buyer comes to inspect it. If buyer agreed he would take the product and leave gold for the seller.
How were tribes organized? (Ghana)
By families or clans and practiced some form of shamanism. Ghana people came from Soninke people and spoke Mande language. Decline of Ghana led to Mali.
Who founded the Mali empire?
Sundiata Keith who came to power by over throwing an enemy chief. He secured goldfields of tribes within the Mali empire. Divided kingdom into provinces with governors.
What is story for malis leaders rise to power called?
The Epic of Sundiata. Passed down as Malian oral tradition and told by griots.
What is a griot?
A historian, and an advisor to the king, who would tell stories through song, poetry, and dance.
Who was the most famous king of Mali?
Mansa Musa
About Mansa Musa
Wealth and generosity. Muslim. Wealth from control of Gold-salt trade in Mali. AD 1324 first trip to Mecca. He brought lots of griots, servants, and camels.
What was the wealth of the Mali Empire due to?