DNA Structure, Function, and Cell Division: Key Concepts for Biology

Double-stranded molecule in the shape of a double helix

What is the shape of DNA?

To provide a blueprint or instructions for the amino acids sequences (proteins) that make up our traits.

What is the function of DNA?

Nucleotides

DNA is composed of monomers known as?

A sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

What is a nucleotide composed of?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What is DNA?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

What are the four nitrogenous bases of a Nucleotide?

Adenine - Thymine and Guanine - Cytosine

Which nitrogenous bases connect to each other?

Adenine and Guanine

Which 2 nitrogenous bases are purines?

Cytosine and Thymine

Which 2 nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

3

How many hydrogen bonds are there between Guanine and Cytosine?

2

How many hydrogen bonds are there between Adenine and Thymine?

2 meters

How much DNA is stored in the Nucleus?

Histones

What proteins do DNA's wrap around to form chromosomes?

All of the DNA that is stored in the nucleus.

What is the definition of Genome?

A part of DNA that calls for specific proteins to be created.

What is the definition of Gene?

DNA's that do not make proteins (90%)

What is "junk DNA"?

A visual representation of a cell's chromsomes.

What is the definition of Karyotype?

23 pairs (46 chromosomes)

How many pairs of Chromosomes does Humans have?

The sperm cells.

Which human cell does not have 46 chromosomes?

Nucleus

Where is the DNA stored?

Autosomes

What are the first 22 pairs of Chromosomes called?

The sex chromosomes are responsible for determining the sex of the baby.

What is the name and role of the 23rd Chromosome pair?

The Dad does because it either contributes an X cell or a Y cell. Males = XY

Which parent determines the sex of the baby?

XX = Female

XY = Male

How do you know whether if the baby is a Female or Male?

A pair of chromosomes (2)

What is a homologous chromosome?

A body cell with the full set of chromosomes.

What is the definition of Diploids?

The sex cell that does not contain the full diploid number of cells rather it holds 23 chromosomes. (Sperm/egg cell)

What is the definition of Haploids?

DNA that comes in a form of a long, thin, and invisible strand that wraps around proteins.

What is the definition of a Chromatin

When the chromosomes replicates themselves whilst still being attached to each other which are called sister chromatids.

What is the definition of Chromatid.

The mid point that holds the two sister chromatids together.

What is a centromere?

After the sister chromatids are broken up at the centromere those singular chromatids are called chromosomes.

How is a Chromosome formed after the replication? (Also the definition for the replicated chromosome)

Chromosomes

During the process of cell division, the DNA in a cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called

Chromatin

Between cell divisions, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is uncoiled and spread out in this thin, invisible form called

Histones

During cell division, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell coils around proteins called ___.

44

Humans have 46 chromosomes in all cells except sperm and egg cells. How many individual chromosomes are considered autosomes?

8

If an organism has a diploid (2n) number of 16, how many chromosomes do its sperm cells or eggs cells contain?

Autosomes

Pairs 1-22 are called ___.

Homologous Chromosomes

A pair of the same chromosome is also known as

Sister chromatids

When a copy of a chromosome is created, it is knows as

DNA

Chromosomes, chromatids, and chromatin are all examples of

A chromosome is replicated into sister chromatids which is then split up through the centromere creating two different chromosomes.

Explain the process of the Replication.