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Hypha
a tube or filament in a fungus
Mycelium
a (usually) visible mass of hyphae
Features of Fungi
are eukaryotic
reproduce by spores
are heterotrophic
have cell walls made of chitin
consist of hyphae, forming a mycelium
Obligate Parasite
can only take its food from a live host
Facultative Parasite
can get its food from a live or dead host
Rhizopus
common bread mould
Stolon
an aerial hypha which allows the fungus to spread more rapidly
Rhizoids
hyphae that grow into the substrate and provide extra surface area for absorption
Sporulation
the process of making spores
Sporangiophores
hyphae that grow up from the surface of the substrate during asexual reproduction
Sporangium
the tip of the sporangiophore that swells, its contents divide by mitosis to form numerous spores
(each spore has at least one haploid nucleus)
Columella
the base wall of the sporangium
Apophysis
the columella surrounds a swollen area
Sexual Reproduction in Rhizopus
two hyphae grow close together
progametangia form
fertilisation occurs
zygospore forms
germinates when conditions are suitable
Yeast
a single-celled fungus
respires anaerobically to form ethanol and carbon dioxide
Budding
the method by which yeast reproduces asexually
Economic Benefits of Fungi
yeasts produce alcohol
mushrooms are edible
Economic Disadvantages of Fungi
destroy food, crops and a wide range of other materials
cause diseases in humans, animals and plants
e.g. athlete’s foot and ringworm
Asepsis
measures are taken to exclude unwanted microorganisms
Sterile
all microorganisms are destroyed
