A&P Chapter 1 Study Guide

Anatomy

Study of internal and external structure and relationships among body parts

Physiology

Study of how body parts work to perform vital functions

Gross (macroscopic) anatomy

Study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Regional anatomy

Looks at structures in a particular area

System anatomy

Looks at one system

Surface anatomy

Looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle, or veins seen on serface)

Microscopic anatomy

Deals will structures to small to be seen with the naked eye

Cytology

Study of cells

Histology

Study of tissues

Developmental anatomy

Traces structural changes that occur throughout the life span

Embryology

Study of developmental changes that occur before birth

Renal physiology

Study of the functions of the kidney

Neurophysiology

Study of the functions of the nervous system

Cardiovascular physiology

Study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels

Chemical level

Atoms and molecules

Cellular level

Cells and their organelles

Tissue level

Groups of similar cells

Organ level

Contains two or more types of tissues

Organ system level

Organs that work closely together

Organismal level

All organ systems combined to make the whole organism

What are the levels of Structural Organization

Chemical level

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ system level

Organismal level

What are the 11 Organ Systems

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

Whats Integumentary System major functions

- Forms the external body covering (nails, hair)

- Protects deeper tissues from injury

- Synthesizes vitamin D

-Houses pain/pressure receptors, sweat & oil glands

Whats Skeletal System major functions

- Protects and supports body organs

- Provides framework for muscles

- Stores minerals

- Blood cells form within bones

Whats Muscular System major functions

- Allows movement

- Maintains posture

- Produces heat

Whats Nervous System major functions

- Fast‑acting control system

- Responds to internal/external changes

- Activates muscles and glands

Whats Endocrine System major functions

- Glands secrete hormones

- Regulates growth, reproduction, and metabolism

Whats Cardiovascular System major functions

- Blood vessels transport blood

- Blood carries oxygen, CO₂, nutrients, wastes

Whats Lymphatic System major functions

- Returns leaked fluid to blood

- Disposes of debris

- Houses immune cells (lymphocytes)

- Mounts immune response against foreign substances

Whats Respiratory System major functions

- Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

- Removes carbon dioxide

Whats Digestive System major functions

- Breaks down food

- Absorbs nutrients into blood

- Eliminates indigestible food as feces

Whats Urinary System major funtions

- Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

- Regulates water, electrolytes, and acid‑base balance

whats Reproductive System major functions

Produces offspring

Responsiveness (excitability)

Ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and respond to them

Excretion

Removal of wastes from digestion and metabolism

Reproduction

- At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair

- At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring

What are the Survival Needs

Nutrients

Oxygen

Water

Normal Body Temperature

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in the envirnment

Law of mass balance

Steady state in which the total amount of substance the body takes in must be equal to the amount it loses

Receptor (sensor)

- Monitors environment

- Responds to stimuli—changes in a variable that evoke a response

- Sends information to the control center (input)

Control center

- Receives input from receptor

- Determines set point and appropriate response to input

- Sends information to the effector (output)

Effector

- Receives output from control center

- Provides the means to respond (via muscle or gland)

- Response either reduces (negative feedback) or enhances (positive feedback) the effect of the stimulus

Negative feedback

- Most feedbacks

- Responce reduces or shuts off the original stimulus

Positive feedback

Response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

Anatomical position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body

Superior

Above/toward the head

Inferior

Below

Anterior (ventral)

Front/in front of

Posterior (dorsal)

Back/behind something

Medial

Toward the midline/inner

Lateral

Away from midline/outer

Intermediate

Between medial and lateral

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment

Superficial

Towards the surface (skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles)

Deep

away from surface (lungs are deep to the skin)

What are the two major divisions of the body?

Axial

Appendicular

Axial part

Main axis of our body

- Head, neck, trunk

Appendicular part

Appendages or limbs; attached to body's axis

- legs and arms

Cephalic

Head

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Eye

Nasal

Nose

Buccal

Cheek

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Cervical

Neck

Thoracic

Chest

Sternal

Breastbone

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Abdominal

Abdomen

Umbilical

Navel

Pelvic

Pelvis

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Genital region

Acromial

Shoulder

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmar

Palm

Digital

Fingers

Pollex

Thumb

Coxal

Hip

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Kneecap

Crural

Leg

Fibular or Peroneal

Side of leg

Tarsal

Ankle

Digital

Toes

Hallux

Big toe

Anterior / Ventral Region

Front

Posterior / Dorsal

Back

Occipital

Back of head

Scapular

Shoulder blade

Vertebral

Spine

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Area between hips

Gluteal

Buttock