Statistics Final Exam Vocabulary

Quantitative continuous variable

A continuous quantitative variable is a type of numerical data that can take on any value within a given range, measured with precision.

Quantitative discrete variable

A type of numerical data that can take on specific values and is counted rather than measured.

Qualitative variable

A variable that describes non-numeric characteristics or qualities, often categorized based on attributes or properties.

Qualitative graphs

Bar graph, pi chart

Bar graph

A type of chart that represents categorical data with rectangular bars, where the length of each bar is proportional to the value it represents.

Pi chart

A circular statistical graphic divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportions. Represent one question.

Quantitative graphs

Histograms, box and whisker plots, scatter plots, stem and leaf plots

Histogram

A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data, showing the frequency of data points within specified ranges, or bins.

Scatter plot

A graph that displays values for two variables for a set of data using coordinates. Each point represents an observation's values on the two axes.

When to use 5 # Summary

When there are outliers.

When to use mean and standard deviation

When the data has no outliers since outliers can skew the SD and mean

Voluntary response bias

bias that occurs when individuals choose to participate in a survey or study based on their own criteria, often leading to unrepresentative samples.

Confound variable

A variable that is not the independent variable but affects the dependent variable, potentially leading to inaccurate results in a study.

Double blind experiment

experimental procedure where the participants or the researchers know who is receiving the treatment or the placebo, helps eliminate bias.

Case control study

A observational study design that compares individuals with a specific condition or outcome (cases) to those without the condition (controls), often used to identify risk factors.

Observational study

A type of study design where researchers observe and analyze outcomes without intervening or manipulating variables, often used to gather data in natural settings.

Randomized design study

experimental study design where participants are randomly assigned to different groups, ensuring that any differences in outcomes are due to the treatment rather than pre-existing characteristics.

Block design study

study design that divides participants into subgroups (blocks) based on certain characteristics before randomly assigning treatments within those blocks. Helps to control for variability among the participants.

Matched pairs experiment

type of research design where participants are grouped into pairs based on similar characteristics, and then one member of each pair is randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group

randomized experiment

A matched pairs experiment is a type of research design where participants are grouped into pairs based on similar characteristics, and then one member of each pair is randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group