APUSH Period 4

Studying for APUSH Period 4 Test

Election of 1800

First peaceful transfer of power between political parties (Adams → Jefferson).

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson stopped all foreign trade to avoid war

John Marshall and Judicial Review

Strengthened the Supreme Court through Marbury v. Madison; established judicial review.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

U.S. bought Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million; doubled U.S. size.

Reason Napoleon Sold Louisiana

Needed money for European wars and abandoned plans for an American empire.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806)

Explored new U.S. territory; helped by Sacagawea; looked for a Pacific route.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Declared federal power stronger than state power; states can’t tax the national bank.

War Hawks

Young congressmen (like Henry Clay

Supporters of War of 1812

South and West; wanted land and to defend U.S. honor.

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Major U.S. victory led by Andrew Jackson; occurred after the war officially ended.

Results of War of 1812

Boosted U.S. nationalism and ended British influence in America.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Warned Europe to stay out of the Americas; U.S. wouldn’t interfere in Europe either.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Missouri = slave

John C. Calhoun and Tariffs

Opposed tariffs; believed they hurt the Southern economy.

Tariff of 1828 Reaction

The South disliked it the most (“Tariff of Abominations”).

Election of 1824 (“Corrupt Bargain”)

House chose John Quincy Adams; alleged deal with Henry Clay.

Spoils System

Jackson gave government jobs to loyal supporters.

Trail of Tears (1838–1839)

Forced removal of Native Americans to Oklahoma; many died.

Andrew Jackson and the Bank

Opposed the Bank of the U.S.; thought it favored the rich.

Democrats and Internal Improvements

Opposed federal funding for local projects.

Temperance Movement

Social movement to ban alcohol.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival that encouraged reform movements.

Utopian Communities

Attempts at perfect societies (e.g.

Declaration of Sentiments

Modeled after the Declaration of Independence to demand women’s rights.

Transcendentalism

Belief in individual spirit

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse; revolutionized communication.

Mower-Reaper

Invented by Cyrus McCormick; improved farming efficiency.

Steamboat

Invented by Robert Fulton; improved river transport.

Sewing Machine

Invented by Elias Howe; boosted clothing production.

Transportation Developments by 1850

Railroads

Erie Canal

Connected Great Lakes to Atlantic; lowered costs

Factory Girls

Young women working in textile mills (Lowell system).

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Spain gave Florida to the U.S. and gave up Oregon claims; U.S. gave up Texas claims.

Manifest Destiny (1845)

Belief that U.S. was destined to expand west across the continent.

Problems with Jefferson’s Expansionism

Agrarian ideals required infinite land; weak military left U.S. vulnerable.

Texas Independence (1836)

Texans won independence from Mexico; inspired by Battle of the Alamo.

Annexation of Texas (1845)

Texas joined U.S.

Oregon Territory (1846)

U.S. and Britain divided land at 49th parallel; gained Oregon

Oregon Trail

Route used by settlers moving west; dangerous journey with disease and weather.

Causes of the War of 1812

British impressment of sailors

Chief Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who united tribes against U.S. expansion; died in War of 1812.

Opposition to War of 1812

New England Federalists opposed war; discussed secession at Hartford Convention.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended War of 1812 in stalemate; boosted nationalism; ended Federalist Party.

Monroe Doctrine (Expanded)

Declared Western Hemisphere closed to European colonization; U.S. stayed out of Europe.

Market Revolution (1815–1860)

Economic shift to industry and markets; new transport

American System

Henry Clay’s plan for tariffs

Free Market Development

Competition keeps prices low and quality high; consumers drive economy.

Cotton Gin (1793)

Invented by Eli Whitney; made cotton profitable

Interchangeable Parts

Whitney’s concept enabling mass production and factory growth.

Mexican-American War (1846–1848)

Fought over Texas border; ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

Ended war; Mexico gave U.S. Southwest territory; U.S. paid $15 million.

California Gold Rush (1848–1849)

Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill; led to mass migration (“Forty-Niners”).

Homestead Act of 1862

Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they improved it and lived there 5 years.

Pacific Railroad Acts (1862)

Gave land and bonds to companies to build the Transcontinental Railroad.