Spanish 4 Exam 2

The conditional perfect is used to…

express an action that would or should have occurred, but did not

How to form conditional perfect

haber + past participle

Conditional perfect conjugations

yo: habría + -ado/-ido

tu: habrías + -ado/-ido

el/ella: habría + -ado/-ido

nosotros: habríamos + -ado/-ido

uds: habrían + -ado/-ido

When a si clause containing contrary-to-fact information describes a past action…

use the conditional perfect in the main clause and the pluperfect subjunctive in the si clause.

relative pronouns:

que, quien(es), lo que

relative adjectives:

cuyo/a(s)

que is used when…

-people and things

-when there is no comma or preposition before

quien/quienes is used when…

• used just for people

• used when theres a comma or preposition is present

lo que is…

• means what when or which something is known to all in conversation

• refers to idea or previous event/situation

• neutral form

cuya(s)/cuyo(s) is…

• means whose, of whom, or of which

• relative possessive adjective

• always repeated before nouns of different genders and agrees with each one

el cual/la cual + los/las cuales:

• used to identify which of two antecedents of different genders is being talked about to avoid ambiguity

• used after prepositions to refer to things or persons

Definite articles (el, la, los, las) are used..

• before nouns or normalized adjectives, nouns for concepts/abstractions

• with the days of the week, seasons, meals, hour dates, years in the 21st century

• with titles such as Sr., Sra., Dr., Profesor/profesora (except when speaking directly to the person) but never with don/doña, fray, sor, santo, and santa

• articles of clothing and parts of the body when ownership is established by the subject

Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas) are used…

• before a noun that has not been previously identified

• before modified noun

OMIT using the indefinite article when…

• its after the verb ser or after medio/a, tal, que

• before cien, ciento, mil, cierto/a, otro/a

Present participle:

expresses an action in progress

How nouns are formed into a -ing form in spanish

When the -ing form is used as a noun (gerund) in English, Spanish uses an infinitive. (ex: apostar = betting)

How adverbs are formed into a -ing form in spanish

Spanish uses a present participle as an adverb where English may use a simple adverb or a present participle. (caminando = on foot, jugando = playing)

How adjectives are formed into a -ing form in spanish

Spanish uses a simple adjective in cases where English uses a present participle. (entretenida = entertaining, emocionante = thrilling)

How the near future is formed into a -ing form in spanish

Spanish uses the simple present to express the near future, where English may use the present progressive. (ex: jugamos = entertaining, sales = are you going out)

Prepositions

a, de, que, con