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The conditional perfect is used to…
express an action that would or should have occurred, but did not
How to form conditional perfect
haber + past participle
Conditional perfect conjugations
yo: habría + -ado/-ido
tu: habrías + -ado/-ido
el/ella: habría + -ado/-ido
nosotros: habríamos + -ado/-ido
uds: habrían + -ado/-ido
When a si clause containing contrary-to-fact information describes a past action…
use the conditional perfect in the main clause and the pluperfect subjunctive in the si clause.
relative pronouns:
que, quien(es), lo que
relative adjectives:
cuyo/a(s)
que is used when…
-people and things
-when there is no comma or preposition before
quien/quienes is used when…
used just for people
used when theres a comma or preposition is present
lo que is…
means what when or which something is known to all in conversation
refers to idea or previous event/situation
neutral form
cuya(s)/cuyo(s) is…
means whose, of whom, or of which
relative possessive adjective
always repeated before nouns of different genders and agrees with each one
el cual/la cual + los/las cuales:
used to identify which of two antecedents of different genders is being talked about to avoid ambiguity
used after prepositions to refer to things or persons
Definite articles (el, la, los, las) are used..
before nouns or normalized adjectives, nouns for concepts/abstractions
with the days of the week, seasons, meals, hour dates, years in the 21st century
with titles such as Sr., Sra., Dr., Profesor/profesora (except when speaking directly to the person) but never with don/doña, fray, sor, santo, and santa
articles of clothing and parts of the body when ownership is established by the subject
Indefinite articles (un, una, unos, unas) are used…
before a noun that has not been previously identified
before modified noun
OMIT using the indefinite article when…
its after the verb ser or after medio/a, tal, que
before cien, ciento, mil, cierto/a, otro/a
Present participle:
expresses an action in progress
How nouns are formed into a -ing form in spanish
When the -ing form is used as a noun (gerund) in English, Spanish uses an infinitive. (ex: apostar = betting)
How adverbs are formed into a -ing form in spanish
Spanish uses a present participle as an adverb where English may use a simple adverb or a present participle. (caminando = on foot, jugando = playing)
How adjectives are formed into a -ing form in spanish
Spanish uses a simple adjective in cases where English uses a present participle. (entretenida = entertaining, emocionante = thrilling)
How the near future is formed into a -ing form in spanish
Spanish uses the simple present to express the near future, where English may use the present progressive. (ex: jugamos = entertaining, sales = are you going out)
Prepositions
a, de, que, con