Chemistry Regents Final

kinetic molecular theory

1. random, constant, straight-line

2. great distance (negligible volume)

3. no attractive forces

4. collisions transfer energy, total energy is constant

collision theory

proper energy and orientation

gas pressure relationships

• volume increases - exponential decrease

• temperature increases - linear increase

avogadro’s hypothesis

1. gas

2. equal

   • volume

   • temperature

   • pressure

3. same number of particles

Thomson’s plum pudding model

• positive charge: even throughout

• negative charge: little bits

Rutherford’s gold foil experiment

1. empty space

2. dense, positively charged nucleus

3. electrons outside nucleus

Bohr’s planetary model

electrons revolve nucleus in circular paths or shells

wave mechanical model

electrons in 3D orbitals

metallic properties

• right: decrease

• down: increase

atomic radius

• right: decrease

• down: increase

ionic radius

nonmetals > metals

electronegativity

• right: increases

• down: decreases

first ionization energy

• right: increases

• down: decreases

intermolecular forces

1. dipole-dipole

2. hydrogen bonding

3. london dispersion forces / van-der-waals

4. dipole-ion

double bond

• CO2

• O2

triple bond

N2

temperature vs. solubility (solids)

• temperature increases

• solubility increases

solubility (gases)

1. temperature increases

   —> solubility decreases

2. pressure increases

   —> solubility increases

3. soda can!

pressure in reversible equations

• at least on mole of gas + uneven on either side

• increasing pressure: shift to produce less moles

• decreasing pressure: shift to produce more moles

only what can change Keq or Q

temperature

arrhenius acid

increases in H+ concentration

arrhenius base

increases in OH- concentration

bronsted-lowry acid

donates hydrogen ion

bronsted-lowry base

accepts hydrogen ion

lewis acid

accepts pair of electrons

lewis base

donates pair of electrons

organic compounds

• non-polar

• insoluble

• non electrolytes

• lower melting/boiling points

• react slower

combustion

organic molecule + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

esterification

organic acid + alcohol —> ester + water

saponification

hydrolysis of fats by base —> ester + base

fermentation

organic compound + enzyme —> alcohol + carbon dioxide