GANP Class Test 2 – Comprehensive Revision Flashcards

A set of 47 Q&A flashcards covering central nervous system anatomy and function, endocrine hormones and disorders, renal physiology, respiratory anatomy, and male & female reproductive systems for April 2025 GANP Class Test 2 revision.

What structural classification do all motor neurons in skeletal muscles fall under?

Multipolar neurons

Which type of neuron relays information about special senses such as sight, smell, and hearing?

Bipolar neurons

What neurons are the sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system?

Unipolar neurons

Which division of the autonomic nervous system triggers the “fight-or-flight” response, increases alertness, metabolic rate and muscular activities?

Sympathetic division

When does the sympathetic division of the autonomic division “kick in”?

During exertion, stress or emergency.

Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls “rest-and-digest” activities (reduce metabolic rate and promotes digestion)?

Parasympathetic division

When is the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system in control?

During resting conditions.

How are the lobes of the cerebrum named?

According to the cranial bone over it.

Which cerebral lobe houses the primary motor area and is involved in conscious thought, problem solving, personality and speech production?

Frontal lobe

Which lobe contains the primary auditory , smell, and the speech-recognition (Wernicke) area?

Temporal lobe

The primary visual cortex is located in which cerebral lobe?

Occipital lobe

What structure separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum?

Central sulcus

Damage to which brain area results in expressive (Broca’s) aphasia?

Broca’s area in the frontal lobe

In which lobe is Wernicke’s area found, responsible for understanding speech?

Temporal lobe

Which brain region regulates body temperature and controls hormone release?

Hypothalamus

Which structure acts as the relay center for all sensory information to the cerebrum?

Thalamus

Which brain structure coordinates balance, posture, and fine motor skills?

Cerebellum

Which part of the brainstem contains reflex centers that regulate heartbeat and breathing?

Medulla oblongata

Why does a left-side cerebral stroke often cause weakness on the right side of the body?

Because the motor cortex of each hemisphere controls movements of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body

What is the function of the ventral root of a spinal nerve, and what results if it is damaged?

It carries motor signals; damage causes paralysis

What fluid fills the central canal of the spinal cord?

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Name the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Which anterior pituitary hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Provide the mnemonic that helps recall the seven anterior pituitary hormones.

FAT Mom Got Leg Pain – FSH, ACTH, TSH, MSH, GH, LH, PRL

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Anterior to the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus

What is the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones?

They increase cellular metabolism, causing increased energy use and heat production

Which thyroid disorder features an enlarged thyroid with protruding eyes?

Exophthalmic goiter (hyperthyroidism)

What term describes congenital thyroid hormone deficiency that can cause intellectual disability if untreated?

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

Which pancreatic hormone is secreted when blood glucose levels are high?

Insulin

Which pancreatic islet cells secrete insulin?

Beta (B) cells

Which hormone raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver?

Glucagon

Define diabetes mellitus in terms of insulin.

Disorder caused by inadequate insulin secretion or reduced insulin receptor sensitivity

List three classic “polys” symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

What are the three basic processes of urine formation?

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

Glomerular filtration occurs in which part of the nephron?

The renal corpuscle (glomerulus)

Name two solutes normally present in urine.

Examples include sodium ions and urea (others: potassium, uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, bicarbonate)

Give one substance NOT normally found in urine.

Glucose (others: blood, proteins, RBCs, hemoglobin, pus, bile)

Why is the right main bronchus a more common pathway for aspirated objects?

It is wider, shorter, and at a steeper angle than the left bronchus

What serous membrane directly covers the lung surface?

Pulmonary (visceral) pleura

Approximately how many alveoli are in the lungs?

About 300 million

Which hormone strengthens uterine contractions during labor?

Oxytocin

Where in the female reproductive tract does fertilization usually occur?

Ampulla of the fallopian tube

Which layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation?

Functional layer of the endometrium

Trace the correct route of sperm from formation to ejaculation.

Seminiferous tubules → Epididymis → Ductus deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Penis

In which structure do spermatozoa mature and damaged sperm get recycled?

Epididymis

Name the three male accessory glands that produce seminal fluid.

Seminal (vesicle) gland, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

Which antimicrobial protein in prostatic fluid helps prevent urinary tract infections?

Seminalplasmin

Which sugar in seminal fluid provides energy for sperm motility?

Fructose

Which accessory gland secretes alkaline mucus that lubricates the glans penis?

Bulbourethral gland

What is the pH characteristic of seminal-vesicle fluid, and why is this important?

It is alkaline to buffer the acidic environments of the urethra and vagina

What is the role of fibrinogen supplied by the seminal glands?

Forms a temporary semen clot in the vagina after ejaculation