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Which of these microbes are hardest to remove or has the highest resistance?
Bacterial endospores and prions
Which of these microbes are easiest to remove or has the lowest resistance to control methods?
Most bacterial vegetative cells, most fungal spores, fungal yeast, mold, and protozoan trophozoites
Which of these microbes has an intermediate resistance to control methods?
Protozoan cysts, some viruses, and some bacterial species like Mycobacterium and Pseudomonas
Bacteria from the genus Mycobacterium are more resistant than most other bacterial species due to the _______________ giving the cell a waxy exterior.
Mycolic acid in the cell wall
germicide
A germicide is a broad term for any control agent that kills microorganisms.
bactericide
kills bacteria.
fungicide
A fungicide kills fungi.
sporicidal agent
A sporicidal agent destroys bacterial endospores.
A bacteriostatic method of control:
Slows the growth of bacteria.
Decontamination.
A broad term that includes all control methods to destroy, remove, or reduce the number of microbes is ______________.
Sterilization:
Removal or killing of all microbes including endospores on inanimate objects.
Disinfection:
Destruction of vegetative cells and other low-resistance microbes on inanimate objects.
Sanitization:
Cleaning of inanimate objects to remove microbes and debris to reduce potential of infection.
Antisepsis:
An antimicrobial chemical that destroys vegetative cells on skin and tissues (humans).
Degermation:
Removes debris and reduces the number of microbes on skin or tissue through gentle methods like hand scrubbing.
Which of the following could help make a control method more effective?
Increase the concentration of the agent, remove inhibitory substances like dirt from a wound, increase the temperature, and increase the exposure time.
The first type of control agents are physical methods of control. These methods utilize these techniques
Radiation, Filtration, Temperature.
The first control method uses temperature. __________ heat requires less time and lower temperatures than __________ heat methods.
Moist .... dry
Autoclave
Most effective method for sterilization; uses moist heat and pressure.
Boiling
One of the oldest forms of disinfection.
Pasteurization
Gentle heating to disinfect beverages.
Dry heat sterilization
Use of flames for sterilization.
Refrigeration
Slows microbial growth, bacteriostatic.
Desiccation
Removal of water to kill microorganisms.
Lyophilization
Freeze-drying method to preserve microbes.
What are the benefits of using pasteurization on beverages like milk and juice?
Lowers microbial load, maintains taste quality, increases shelf life.
Characteristics of ionizing radiation:
Can be used for sterilization, penetrates surfaces (used on packaged items), causes breaks in microbial DNA, includes gamma rays.
Characteristics of nonionizing radiation:
Causes thymine dimers in microbial DNA, more useful as a disinfection technique, includes UV light.
Packaged food items that are exposed to irradiation like gamma rays to lower the microbial load carry the ___________ symbol on its packaging.
Radura.
What role does filtration play in microbial control?
Filtration serves the function of physically removing microbes from various substances.
What does HEPA represent?
HEPA stands for High Efficiency Particulate Air and describes a filter that is used to effectively remove microbes from the air.
What is a distinguishing feature of high-level germicides?
High-level germicides are capable of killing all types of microbes, including bacterial endospores.
How do low-level germicides differ from high-level germicides?
Low-level germicides primarily kill only vegetative cells, not endospores.
How is chlorine used in microbial control?
Chlorine acts as a disinfectant specifically utilized in drinking water and swimming pools.
What is the application of iodine in antimicrobial practices?
Iodine is applied as an antiseptic in hand scrubs and prior to surgical procedures.
What are phenolics and their uses?
Phenolics are chemicals used as disinfectants; they can also serve as antiseptics when prescribed.
Where is triclosan commonly found and what is its purpose?
Triclosan is a phenolic compound incorporated into personal hygiene products to aid in cleanliness.
What is chlorhexidine used for?
Chlorhexidine is a low toxicity antiseptic often used for treating infections caused by MRSA.
Hydrogen peroxide
Antiseptic and disinfectant.
Glutaraldehyde
Sterilant used for medical equipment.
Formaldehyde
Used to preserve biological specimens.
Ethylene oxide
Sterilant gas for medical supplies.
Chlorine dioxide
Gas used to sterilize rooms.
Alcohols
Disinfectant and antiseptic commonly found in hand sanitizers.
Soaps
Used for sanitization and degerming.
Quaternary ammonium
Disinfectant found in Lysol, also serves as antiseptic for skin and mouth.
Mercury
Toxic skin antiseptic.
Silver
Antiseptic used in ointments and bandages.
70%.
What is the most effective concentration of alcohol in hand sanitizer?
