DAT Biology Chapter 9 Diversity of Life

Taxonomy

Science of classifying organisms

6 Kingdom System

1. Archaea
2. Eubacteria
3. Protista
4. Fungi
5. Plantae
6. Animalia

3 domains of life

Bacteria

Archaea

Eukarya

Archaea

Extremophiles

No membrane-bound organelles

Circular chromosome

No peptidoglycan

70S

ether-linked lipids

Extremophiles

Live in harsh environments

Bacteria

Single celled

Peptidoglycan cell walls

No organelles

No membrane-bound nucleus

Circular chromosome

70S

Eukarya

Membrane bound organelles and nucleus

Multicellular organisms

Animals, plants, and fungi

LInear chromosome

80S

Prokaryotes

Archaea and Eubacteria

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Which domain is archaea more related to?

Eukaryote

Cell Wall

Protection and structural support

Bacteria: peptidoglycan and ester linked lipids

Archaea: no peptidoglycan and ether linked

Peptidoglycan

Made up of carbohydrates and amino acids

Gram-positive

Thick peptidoglycan

Dark Purple

Gram-negative

Thin peptidoglycan

Pink

Contain lipopolysaccharide

Exotoxins

Secreted by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Endotoxin

Embedded in outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria

Ex. LPS

Teichoic Acids

Acidic polysaccharides found in gram-positive bacteria

Connect cell wall to cell membrane

Capsule

Found in both positive and negative

Acts like a shield

Avoid being eaten and dried out

Virulence Factor

Factor cause disease to eukaryotic host

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

Assembled in nucleoid region

70S

Plasmids

Segments of extrachromosomal DNA

Can be passed horizontally between cells

In archaea and bacteria

Histone

Protein that associate with DNA and get DNA to coil up

Archaea and eukaryotic

Introns

Part of DNA but not in mRNA

Conjugation

Pili of one cell connects to another cell and do horizontal gene transfer

Coccus

Spherical

Bacillus

Cylindrical Rods

Spirillum

Spirochete Spiral shape

Diplo

Pairs

Strep

Chain

Staph

Clusters

Binary Fission

Simultaneous growth, genome duplication, divides into two identical daughter cells

Endospores

Tough non-reproductive structure

Allow bacteria to enter a dormant state to endure environmental stress

Examples of Eukaryotic Organism

Protista

Fungi

Plantae

Animalia

Size of eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic

Protista

Eukaryotic

Typically unicellular

Diverse group

Not plant, fungi, or animal

Fungus-like protists

Lack a cell wall made of chitin

Can move with flagella and cilia

Saprophytic like fungi

Asexual reproduction and sporulation

Thick and strong spore cell wall

Saprophytic

Feed on decaying matter

Most live in moist soil

Ingest food via phagocytosis

Plant-like protists

Photosynthetic autotrophs

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Dinoflagellates, diatoms and euglenoids

Plant-like protists

Unicellular

Asexual reproduction

Aquatic

Environmental issue of dinoflagellates

Responsible for red tides

2 flagella

Can parasitically infect certain animals

Decrease oxygen in water

Animal-like Protists (Protozoa)

Eukaryotic

Unicellular

Heterotrophic

Contain food vacuoles

Tend to be parasitic

Ex. Amoeba and Paramecium

Fungi

Have cell walls that contain glucan

Heterotrophic saprophytes

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Nofilamentous Fungi

Ex. Yeast

Unicellular

Reproduce asexually-budding

Facultatively anaerobic

Benefit of facultative anaerobic in Yeast

Utilize fermentation in absence of O2

Turn glucose to CO2 and Ethanol

Filamentous Fungi

Molds

Multicellular and multinucleate

Aerobic respiration

Form hyphae

Hyphae

Long branching filaments

Forms networks with nearby fungi

Mycelium

Includes all connected spores

Septate Hyphae

Separates hyphae into multiple sections

Cell division occurs with cytokinesis

Can close if injured and increase structural stability

Coenocytic Hyphae

No septa present

Large multinucleate cell

Cell division occurs without cytokinesis

Rapid nutrient diffusion

Fungi Asexual Reproduction

1. Haploid mycelium grows spore producing structure
2. Haploid spores (conidia) produced
3. Conidia grow by mitosis

Forms genetically identical offspring

Hyphae capable of fragmentation or budding

Good condition

Fungi Sexual Reproduction

1. Two hyphae fuse cytoplasm through plasmogamy
2. Pronuclei fuse
3. Diploid cell meiosis

Bad conditions

Lichens

Symbiotic Autotrophs

Groups of organisms that live together and make their own food

Fungus and algae or cyanobacteria

Lichen algae or cyanobacteria produce food

Lichen fungus provide protection and water nutrients

Animalia

Eukaryotic

Multicellular

Motile

Heterotrophic aerobes

No cell wall

Privileged Children Play Nicely Rapidly And Maturely. Arthur Ensures Cooperation

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Rotifera, Annelida, Mollusca. Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata

Vertebrates

Vertebrae

Notochord

Nerve cord

Endoskeleton

Coelom

Tissues and Organs

Examples of vertebrates

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Mammals

Birds

Example of Invertebrates

A Mess

Arthropods

Mollusks

Echinoderms

Sponges

Segmented Worms

Coelem

Body cavity found within some organisms

Lies between mesoderm and endoderm

Aceolemate

No cavity between mesoderm and endoderm

Platyhelminthes

Coelomate

Coelom surrounded by mesoderm on all sides

Schizocoeloms

Form due to separation of mesodermal cells during development

Ex. Mullusca, Annelida, and Arthropods

Enterocoeloms

Form due to out pocketing of embryonic gut into mesodermal space

Undergo enterocoely

Deuterostomes

Pseudocoelom

Body cavity is partially surrounded by mesoderm

Nematoda

Rotifera

Porifera

Sponges

Simple organisms

Have pores

Asymmetrical body plan

Parazoa

Sessile

Asexual - budding

Sexually - hermaphrodites

Hermaphrodites

Produce both male and female gametes

Parazoa

Animal without true tissues

Lack nervous, circulatory, respiratory, and excretory syste

Sessile

Fixed in one place

Cnidaria

Hydra, Jellyfish, Sea anemone, Coral

Radial symmetry

Eumetazoans

Diploblastic

Gastrovascular cavities

Cnidocytes

Nerve nets

Polyps or Medusae

Primary reproduce via asexual budding

Gastrovascular cavities

Act as a hydrostatic skeleton for movement

Eumetazoans

Animals with true tissues

Diploblastic

Two cellular layers (endoderm and ectoderm)

Cnidocytes

Cells that shoot poisonous barbs

Ex. sting of jellyfish

Nerve Nets

Collection of neurons that are spread apart

Typically found in organisms with radial symmetry

Polyps

Non-motile

Medusae

Motile

Platyhelminthes

Tapeworms, Flukes, Planaria, Flatworms

Bilateral symmetry

Triploblastic Acoelomates

Utilize gastrovascular cavity

Lack Circulatory and Respiratory system

Made of flame cells

The Flat Planet Failed

Tapeworms, Flukes, Planaria, Flatworms

Nematoda

Round worms, Hook worms and C. elegans

Bilateral symmetry

Complete, one-way digestive system

Lack circulatory, respiratory, and excretory system

Nerve cord and ring

Rotifera

Rotifers

Have cilia to move

Cerebral ganglia

Reproduce sexually or via parthenogensis

Parthenogenesis

Virgin birth

Asexual reproduction whne an unfertilized egg develops into an offspring

Annelida

Earthworms, Leeches, Polychetes

Bilateral symmetry

Triploblastic coelomates

One-way digestive system

Gizzard

Regeneration and Hermaphrodites

Protostomes

Blastopore becomes mouth

Mollusca

Clams, Snails, Slug, Squid, Octopus

Bilateral symmetry

One way digestive system

Radula

Open Circulatory System

Radula

Tongue covered in tiny teeth

Arthropoda

Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea

Joint and Feet

Chitinous exoskeleton

Segmented body and bilateral symmetry

Insecta

Ants, Grasshoppers, Honeybees

3 pairs of jointed legs

One pair of antennae

Many wings

Spiracle and tracheal tubes

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Arachnida

4 pairs of legs

Chelicerae

Pedipalps

Utilize book lungs and tracheal respiratory system

Crustacea

Lobsters, crayfish, crab

Utilize gills for respiration

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Green Glands

Excretory system used by aquatic crustaceans

Malpighian tubules

Excretory system used by terrestrial crustaceans

Echinodermata

Starfish, Sea urchin, Sea cucumber

Adult have five fold radial symmetry

Larvae have bilateral symmetry

One-way digestive system

Regeneration and sexual reproduction

Open Circulatory system

Deuterostomes and blastopores become anus

Chordata

Bilateral symmetry

Notochords

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

Pharyngeal Slits

Post-anal tail

Notochords

Rods support body during embryonic development

Most lose as they mature

Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord

Develops into CNS

Pharyngeal Slits

Form pharynx, gills, or other feeding systems

Lancelets

Chordate

Lack vertebrae

Benthic habitat

Retain notochord through adulthood

Closed circulatory system with no heart

Respire through diffusion

Tunicates

Chordate

Sessile

Filter feeders

Hermaphroditic and budding

Use open and closed circulatory system

Use gills

Jawless Fish (Agnatha)

Chordata

Lamprey and Hagfish

Use two-chambered heart

Use gills

Countercurrent exchange

Countercurrent Exchange

Blood flows opposite to water

Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)

Chordata

Shark and rays

Two-chambered heart

Gills

Countercurrent exchange

Osteichthyes Bony Fish

Chordata

Salmon and Halibut

Two-chambered heart

Countercurrent exchange