A&P 2 Exam 1 Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive practice vocabulary flashcards covering the Endocrine System and Blood for A&P 2 Exam 1.

Steroid Hormones

Hormone types that travel within the vascular system bound to plasma protein.

Amino Acid Base Hormones

Hormones that bind to membrane bound receptors on their target cell.

Endocrine Glands

Glands that secrete their hormone directly into the blood stream without using a duct system.

Heart

An organ that can be defined or classified as a hormone producing structure.

Oxytocin

A hormone which stimulates uterine contraction and is released via a neural stimulus from the posterior pituitary gland.

Myxedema

A hypothyroid condition characterized by the formation of a goiter or enlargement of the thyroid gland.

Growth Hormone

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that is not classified as a tropic hormone.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Blood cells that do not have a prototypical cell structure because they lack a nucleus and cell organelles.

Hemocytoblasts

The undifferentiated stem cells from which all other formed elements of blood are synthesized.

Sickle Cell Anemia

A condition resulting from a single (1) amino acid incorrectly inserted into the beta chain of the hemoglobin protein.

Polycythemia

A condition characterized by an excess of red blood cells, which can result from blood doping.

Melatonin

The hormone secreted by the pineal gland responsible for regulating the day-night cycle.

Thrombocytopenia

A condition referred to as a deficiency in platelets circulating in the blood.

Normal Blood Temperature

The average normal temperature of blood is $38^\circ C$.

Normal Blood pH

The average normal pH level of human blood is $7.4$.

Leukemia

A condition characterized by the synthesis of immature, non-functional white blood cells, potential bleeding disorders, and anemia.

Erythropoietin

A hormone released from the kidneys in response to hypoxia or decreased red blood cells in the body.

Pituitary and Adrenal Glands

Two endocrine glands that are similar because they are both comprised of glandular tissue and nervous tissue.

Hemolytic Anemia

A form of anemia resulting from red blood cells swelling and bursting, such as in an intercellular hypertonic environment.

Hypothalamus

The endocrine gland that secretes the hormones PRH (Prolactin-Releasing Hormone) and PIH (Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone).

Insulin

A hormone secreted from the pancreas used to decrease blood glucose concentrations.

Plasma

The liquid portion of the blood that does not include the formed elements.

Tropic Hormones

Hormones released from the anterior pituitary gland, such as ACTH, TSH, and FSH, which target other endocrine glands.

Aplastic Anemia

Anemia resulting from the destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow.

Universal Recipient

A person with blood type AB+ because their plasma contains no antibodies to A, B, or Rh antigens.

Type B Blood

A blood type characterized by having Anti-A antibodies circulating in the plasma.

Target Cell Activation

Requires specific receptors for binding, high blood hormone concentration, and a tight binding affinity between hormone and receptor.

Master Gland

A common designation for the pituitary gland within the human body.

Platelet Life Span

The approximate normal life span of these blood fragments is 10 days.

Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone whose release is stimulated by abnormally high concentrations of solutes in the blood.

Embolus

A portion of a blood clot that is moving or circulating through the vascular system.

Thrombus

A stationary clot in an unbroken blood vessel which can block circulation resulting in tissue death.

Pancreas

An organ that functions as both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

Universal Donor

Type O blood, characterized by having no antigens (A or B) on the surface of the red blood cells.

Normal Hematocrit

A blood value considered normal at approximately $45\%$.

Pheochromocytoma

A pathological condition resulting from the hypersecretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla, usually due to a tumor.

Thymus Gland

An endocrine gland that is primarily functional in early years and becomes nonfunctional in the elderly.

Iodine

The primary building block required for synthesizing thyroid hormones.

Glucagon

A pancreatic hormone released to increase blood glucose concentration when levels are deficient.

Thyroid Gland

The largest pure endocrine gland in the human body.

PRH and PIH

Regulatory hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that act on the pituitary gland.

Formed Elements

The three types of blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets) synthesized from hemocytoblasts.

Hemostasis

The process of stopping bleeding, which can involve temporary clots or permanent seals in broken vessels.

Goiter

An enlargement of the thyroid gland associated with hypothyroid conditions like myxedema.

Anterior Pituitary Gland

The gland that secretes tropic hormones including ACTH, TSH, and FSH.

Posterior Pituitary Gland

The gland responsible for the storage and release of hormones like Oxytocin.

Anti-B Antibody

The antibody found in the plasma of an individual with Type A blood.

Adrenal Medulla

The specific part of the adrenal gland that secretes catecholamines.

Rh Antigen

A surface antigen on red blood cells; its absence is indicated by a negative (-) blood type.

Viscosity

The thickness of blood, which is increased by a high number of red blood cells but typically decreased in cases of anemia.