Cross Sectional Thorax and Abdomen Anatomy

what makes up the bony thorax

sternum, costal cartilage, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae

parts of sternum

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

anterior boundary of bony thorax

sternum

manubrium and what it articulates with

triangle shaped, most superior portion of sternum
articulates w/ ribs 1 and 2 and clavicles

jugular notch

concave upper border of the manubrium (T2-T3)

sternal angle

Ridge between manubrium and body at T4-T5

indentations on sternal body articulate w ribs #s

3-7

xiphoid process

attachment for rectus and transverse abdominis muscles

parts of rib

head, neck, tubercle, body

costovertebral joint

pertaining to the joint between a rib head and a vertebra

costotransverse joint

Tubercle of rib articulates with transverse process of vertebra

1st 7 pairs of ribs

true ribs (articulate directly w sternum via costal cartilage)

lower 5 pairs of ribs

false ribs, do not attach to sternum directly

the costal cartilages of ribs 8-10 attach to:

the costal cartilage of rib 7

ribs 11-12

floating ribs, attach only to t-spine vertebrae

floating ribs have no _____ or _____, only _____ and ______

neck, tubercule
sternal ends, vertebral ends

pleural cavities

contain the lungs, lined by serous membrane

pleural serosa

visceral and parietal pleura

parietal pleura is continuous with

the thoracic wall and diaphragm

parietal pleura moves during

respiration

visceral pleura attaches to lungs and continues into the

fissures (indentations of lung lobes)

visceral pleura secretes

pleural fluid to lubricate surfaces of cavity during breathing

what are lungs composed of?

Parenchyma (light, spongy, highly elastic substance)

lungs extend from

the apex (above first rib) down to the diaphragmatic dome (base)

lungs medial surface

next to mediastinum

lungs costal surface

surface that lies against the inner ribs

bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

the R mainstem bronchi is

wider, shorter and more vertical than the L

where is the carina?

T5

mainstem bronchi turn into secondary, which correspond to

the lobes of each lung (2 on L, 3 on R)

bronchial tree

many divisions into small bronchi called bronchioles that terminate at alveoli

Alveoli

The functional unit of the lung.

the mediastinum extends from

superior thoracic aperture to diaphragm

inside mediastinum:

thymus gland, esophagus and trachea, lymph nodes, thoracic duct, heart and vessels, nerves

thymus gland located

bilobed lymph gland at top of mediastinum, behind manubrium

what gland is the primary lymph organ responsible for developing cellular immunity and producing thymosin?

thymus gland

thymosin hormone

promotes the maturation of T cells (lymphocytes) for the immune response

trachea is reinforced by

16-20 c-shaped rings of cartilage to maintain open airway

c-shaped cartilages close ______ by elastic ______ ______ to allow for food passage through esophagus

posteriorly, connective tissue

on a x-sectional image, the trachea will appear
the esophagus will appear

round and air filled (black)
oval shaped

the esophagus descends through the ____ and enters the abdomen through the

mediastinum
esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

lymph vessels in the mediastinum are clustered around

vessels, esophagus, bronchi and carina

how are lymph vessels classified?

location (14 regional nodal stations)

what are lymph vessel nodal stations used for?

determining stage of lung cancer

lymph vessels are only seen if

they're inflamed/enlarged

lymph vessels carry fluid away from tissue into

venous blood circulation

thoracic duct

main vessel that receives lymph from the left side of body above diaphragm and lower extremities below diaphragm

where does the thoracic duct begin and end?

inferior to diaphragm @ L2, passes through abd. into chest through aortic hiatus of diaphragm, ascends chest and empties in R. subclavian vein

the heart is found

in the anterior thorax slightly posterior to sternum

the heart points to the

left, this is why there are only 2 lobes of L lung

apex of heart

most inferior, rests on diaphragm

4 Chambers of the heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

what separates the ventricles?

interventricular septum

pericardium

membranous sac enclosing the heart

walls of the heart (3 layers)

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

epicardium

outermost layer of the heart (thin)

myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart (thickest)

endocardium

inner lining of the heart (thin)

tricuspid valve

between right atrium and right ventricle

bicuspid valve

between left atrium and left ventricle, also called mitral valve

List how blood flows through the heart

SVC / IVC

r atrium

tricuspid valve

r ventricle

pulmonary valve

pulmonary artery

LUNGS

pulmonary vein

L atrium

mitral valve

L ventricle

aortic valve

aorta

BODY

abdominal cavity

between diaphragm and sacral prominatory

abdominal cavity contents

liver, gallbladder, biliary system, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, kidneys, ureters, stomach, small intestine, most of large intestine, vascular structures

abdominal division

above diaphragm to top of iliac crest

pelvic division

above crests to pubic symphysis

peritoneum

serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

visceral peritoneum

covers organs

parietal peritoneum

lines the abdominal cavity

what separates the visceral and parietal peritoneum?

serous fluid, allows organs to move against one another w/o friction

Retropertioneum

behind peritoneum, SADPUCKER

SADPUCKER

S- suprarenal glands
A- abdominal aorta/IVC
D- duodenum (2nd and 3rd segment)
P- pancreas (except tail)
U- ureters
C- colon (ascending and descending)
K- kidneys
E- esophagus
R- rectum

liver

metabolic and hematologic organ, produces bile, largest abdominal organ

where is the liver located?

right hypochondriac and epigastric regions, but can extend to the left hypochondriac and umbilical regions

gallbladder/biliary system

drains the liver and attains bile for storage until going to duodenum for digestive aid

where is the gallbladder located?

the gallbladder fossa on the anteroinferior portion of the r lobe of the liver

what fissure is the gallbladder associated with?

interlobular fissure

pancreas location

found posterior to stomach extending transversely at an oblique angle between duodenum and splenic hilum

parts of pancreas

head, tail, uncinate process, neck and body

body of pancreas goes where

largest and most anterior part, extends transversely to left

Body of the pancreas is anterior to
and superior to

aorta
mesenteric artery

the body tapers superiorly and posteriorly into the

tail of the pancreas

tail of pancreas extends where

extends to L anterior pararenal space (in front of L kidney) at the end of splenic hilum

spleen

lymph organ made of vascular and lymphoid tissue

red and white pulp

tissues of the spleen made of vascular spongy parenchyma

red pulp

site where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed

white pulp

contains lymphocytes

the spleen is posterior to
and is protected by

the stomach
ribs 9-11

what is the medial spleen bordered by?

left kidney, splenic flexure, and pancreatic tail

what does the spleen do?

produce WBC, filters blood, stores iron from RBC and stimulates immune response

adrenal (suprarenal) glands

superior to kidneys, separated from kidney surface by perirenal fat

the adrenal glands are enclosed in

Gerota's fascia

the right kidney is _____ and more medial than the left bc of the

lower, liver

what does the r. adrenal gland look like on a x-sectional image?

inverted V

the left adrenal is ______ to the upper pole of the left kidney and is located in a triangle made up of the _____ ,______ and _____

anteromedial, aorta, pancreatic tail, left kidney

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

where do the kidneys lie?

posterior wall of abdominal cavity, on either side of the spine

the kidneys are said to have an ______ orientation bc the upper poles are more _______ and ______ than the lower poles

oblique, medial, posterior

what level are the kidneys located?

between T12 and L4

perirenal fat

fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule

stomach functions

-Acts as storage space for food
-Site of mechanical food breakdown
-Chemical breakdown of protein begins via enzymes and stomach acid
-produces intrinsic factor for B12 absorption