Biology Final

Cardiovascular System

Responsible for transporting gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body.

Blood

Special connective tissue consisting of plasma (55%), water (90%), gases (10%), and various compounds like glucose, hormones, waste, and amino acids.

Formed Elements

Components of blood including platelets, leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes), and erythrocytes.

Blood Vessels

Tubes that carry blood, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Gas Exchange

Process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells.

Respiratory System

All structures involved in gas exchange, including lungs, gills, and respiratory organs.

Osmoregulation

Regulation of salt and water balance in body fluids and tissues.

Excretory System

Organs responsible for removing metabolic wastes, excess water, ions, and toxins from the body.

Nitrogenous Wastes

Waste products produced from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids, including ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

Kidney

Major organ in the urinary system responsible for waste disposal and filtering blood.

Vertebrates

Animals with a backbone, having paired kidneys.

Fishes/amphibians

Have simple sac-like kidneys.

Mammals/birds/reptiles

Possess metanephric kidneys, the most advanced type with many nephrons and drained by a ureter.

Terrestrial lifestyle

Mammals have the best kidney design for living on land.

Kidney

Organ that forms urine from the blood.

Nephrons

Structural and functional units of the kidney responsible for forming urine.

Ureter

Tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder

Organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body.

Urethra

Conducts urine from the bladder during urination.

Nephron

The functional unit of the kidney, filtering about 18 liters of fluid per day.