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Cardiovascular System
Responsible for transporting gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body.
Blood
Special connective tissue consisting of plasma (55%), water (90%), gases (10%), and various compounds like glucose, hormones, waste, and amino acids.
Formed Elements
Components of blood including platelets, leukocytes (granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes), and erythrocytes.
Blood Vessels
Tubes that carry blood, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Gas Exchange
Process of oxygen and carbon dioxide moving between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells.
Respiratory System
All structures involved in gas exchange, including lungs, gills, and respiratory organs.
Osmoregulation
Regulation of salt and water balance in body fluids and tissues.
Excretory System
Organs responsible for removing metabolic wastes, excess water, ions, and toxins from the body.
Nitrogenous Wastes
Waste products produced from the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids, including ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
Kidney
Major organ in the urinary system responsible for waste disposal and filtering blood.
Vertebrates
Animals with a backbone, having paired kidneys.
Fishes/amphibians
Have simple sac-like kidneys.
Mammals/birds/reptiles
Possess metanephric kidneys, the most advanced type with many nephrons and drained by a ureter.
Terrestrial lifestyle
Mammals have the best kidney design for living on land.
Kidney
Organ that forms urine from the blood.
Nephrons
Structural and functional units of the kidney responsible for forming urine.
Ureter
Tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.
Urinary bladder
Organ that stores urine until it is expelled from the body.
Urethra
Conducts urine from the bladder during urination.
Nephron
The functional unit of the kidney, filtering about 18 liters of fluid per day.
