HHP 1100 Exam 2

skeletal system

dynamic and changing organ system with tissues that grow and change throughout life

functions: framework, support body weight, attach for muscle, storage reservoir (Ca++, P)

cartilage

supporting connective tissue; semi rigid extracellular matrix that is weaker than bone, but more flexible and resilient

functions: gliding surface at joints, precursor model for bone growth

chondroblasts

produce new cartilage

chondrocytes

basic mature cartilage cells; occupy small spaces called lacunae; mature cartilage is avascular (no blood vessels)

hyaline cartilage

found at the end of long bone

fibrocartilage

more rigid and stronger than hyaline; found in between vertebral discs

elastic cartilage

found in the ears; very mobile

interstitial growth pattern

growth of cartilage from deep in the tissue

appositional growth pattern

growth of cartilage from the outside of the tissue or surface

bone

contain all four tissue types; extracellular matrix is sturdy and rigid due to deposition of minerals

functions: structural support, movement, protect organs, hemopoiesis (blood cell production in red bone marrow); storage of minerals (Ca++, P, lipids in yellow bone marrow)

long bones

longer than they are wide; bones of the appendages

highly vascularized, nutrient foramen and innervation

short bones

cubed in shape; tarsals and carpals

flat bone

broad & thin; cranial (frontal bone)

irregular bone

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces (vertebrae)

diaphysis

shaft of the long bone; most of bone length

epiphysis

two ends of long bone (proximal and distal)

metaphysis

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet on long bone; where growth plate is

articular cartilage

end of long bones, forms joints and is covered by hyaline cartilage

medullary cartilage

open area deep in long bone; where yellow bone marrow is found

spongy bone

contains red bone marrow; spaces in between

lack osteon (no cylindrical arrangement), parallel lamellae

endosteum

membrane lining the medullary cavity (internal surface) of a bone

periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints; lining outer surface

osteoprogenitor cells

undifferentiated bone cells

osteoblasts

secrete osteoid (that hardens into bone tissue), forming bone matrix

osteocytes

mature bone cells; once trapped in bony matrix by osteoids

osteoclasts

break down bone tissue; if blood Ca++ levels are low

compact bone

hard and dense, but not solid, bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

ossification

formation of bone connective tissue

intramembraneous ossification

the bone development process where membrane bones develop from a membrane

forms flat bones

- cluster of osteoblasts at the ossification center, the calcification entraps the osteoblasts within the lacunae in the bone matrix

endochondral ossification

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage;

forms long bones

- cartilage calcifies and periosteal bone collar forms around the diaphysis and starves the deep tissue to it, which kills it and brings in osteoblasts

- bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

interstitial growth

growth in length (hyperplasia)

appositional growth

growth in width

simple fracture

bone breaks but doesn't pierce the skin

compound fracture

bone breaks and pierces the skin

comminuted fracture

bone shatters into small pieces

compression fracture

the bone is crushed

spiral fracture

caused by twisting; break at an angle

epiphyseal fracture

break at the growth plate; epiphysis separates from diaphysis

depressed fracture

dent in skull

greenstick/buckle fracture

bone doesnt shatter all the way thru

stress fracture

caused by overuse injury; tiny fracture lines

bone repair process

1. hematoma formation

2. callus formation

3. callus ossification

4. bone remodeling

osteopenia

abnormal reduction of bone mass; bone demineralizes

osteoporosis

a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily; compact bone gets thinner, spongy bone has fewer trabeculae

number of adult bones

206

axial bones

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

appendicular bones

upper and lower extremities, shoulder and hip bones

osteon

functional unit of compact bone (each cylinder); run parallel to the diaphysis

central canal

where the blood vessels and nerves travel in compact bone

concentric lamellae

layers of osteon with with bone cells in between (compact bone)

canaliculi

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

perforating canals

lie at right angles to the central canal

flexion

decrease angle of joint

extension

increase the angle of a joint

hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position (180)

lateral flexion

trunk moves away from the midline; between the cervical and lumbar region

abduction

movement away from the midline

adduction

movement toward the midline

radial deviation

abduction of the wrist

ulnar deviation

adduction of the wrist

circumduction

proximal end is stationary, distal ends move in circular motion

lateral rotation

move limb laterally

medial rotation

move limb toward the midline

depression

lowering a body part

elevation

raising a body part

protraction

moving a body part forward

retraction

moving a part backward

inversion

sole of foot facing inward

eversion

sole of foot laterally

plantar flexion

point toes

dorsiflexion

flex toes

TMJ joint

modified hinge joint; articulates with the head of the mandible and the temporal bone

AC joint

articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle, acromion of the scapula

- supporting ligaments: AC ligament, and coracoclavicular

glenohumoral joint

head of humerus in glenoid cavity

- glenoid labrum, coracoacromial ligament, glenohumeral ligament

separation

acromion and the acromial end of the clavicle separate

dislocation

head of humerus moves down out of the glenoid cavity

elbow joint

hinge joint formed by humerus, ulna, and radius

- tricep and bicep brachii

radial collateral ligament

connects the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the radius

ulnar collateral ligament

connects the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the ulna

annular

ring around the head of the radius

hip joint

articulate with the acetabulum and head of femur

- acetabular labrum

iliofemoral ligament

strongest ligament in the body; ilium to the femur

ischiofemoral ligament

connects ischium to femur

pubofemoral ligament

pubis to femur

medial meniscus

cartilage in the knee between the femoral condyle and the medial tibial plateau

lateral meniscus

cartilage in the knee between the lateral femoral condyle and the lateral tibial plateau

prepatellar bursae

between patella and skin

lateral collateral ligamant

runs from the femur to the fibula

medial collateral ligament

attaches the femur to the tibia

anterior cruciate ligament

ligament in the knee that attaches to the anterior tibial and connects to the posterior femur

posterior cruciate ligament

attaches posterior tibia and attaches to the anterior femur

sprains

injuries to the ligaments around a joint

bursitis

inflammation of a bursa

tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon

arthritis

inflammation of a joint

osteoarthritis

inflammation of the bones and joints; cartilage thins to result in bone on bone

rheumatoid arthritis

a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked