Operators & operands & built in functions

Operators

Operators special symbols hote hain jo values ya variables par koi operation perform karte hain, jaise addition, comparison, assignment, etc.

Examples:

• + (Addition)

• - (Subtraction)

• * (Multiplication)

• / (Division)

• **(Exponents)

• = (Assignment)

• == (Equal to)

Easy AI/ML/DS Example

Agar AI model ki accuracy calculate karni ho ya do values compare karni ho, to Operators use hote hain.

Python Example

marks = 80 + 15

print(marks)

Output

95

Operand

Operand wo value ya variable hota hai jis par operator operation perform karta hai.

Expression mein Operator action karta hai aur Operands us action ka data hote hain.

Easy AI/ML/DS Example

Agar student ke marks calculate karne hain:

total_marks = 80 + 15

Yahan:

• + → Operator

• 80 aur 15 → Operands

Python Example

a = 10
b = 5

print(a + b)

Output

15

Order of Precedence (PEMDAS)

Order of Precedence batata hai ki agar ek expression mein multiple operators hain, to Python kis order mein calculation karega.

Python PEMDAS rule follow karta hai:

• P → Parentheses ()

• E → Exponents **

• M → Multiplication *

• D → Division /

• A → Addition +

• S → Subtraction -

Easy AI/ML/DS Example

Agar AI model ka formula likha hai:

score = (10 + 5) * 2

Python pehle Parentheses solve karega, phir Multiplication.

Python Example

result = 10 + 5 * 2

print(result)

Output

20

Kyun?

• Pehle 5 * 2 = 10

• Phir 10 + 10 = 20

Agar parentheses use karein:

result = (10 + 5) * 2

print(result)

Output

30

float()

float() ek built-in function hai jo kisi value ko Float datatype (decimal number) mein convert karta hai.

Easy AI/ML/DS Example

Agar dataset mein marks "95" String ke form mein aaye hain, lekin calculation karni hai, to unhe Float mein convert kar sakte ho.

Python Example

marks = "95"

marks = float(marks)

print(marks)
print(type(marks))

Output

95.0
<class 'float'>

int()

int() ek built-in function hai jo kisi value ko Integer datatype (whole number) mein convert karta hai.

Easy AI/ML/DS Example

Agar dataset mein age "22" String ke form mein hai aur calculation karni hai, to use Integer mein convert kar sakte ho.

Python Example

age = "22"

age = int(age)

print(age)
print(type(age))

Output

22
<class 'int'>

str()

str() ek built-in function hai jo kisi value ko String datatype (text) mein convert karta hai.

Easy AI/ML/DS Example

Agar dataset mein student ka ID 101 hai aur uske aage "Student ID: " likhna hai, to pehle ID ko String mein convert karna padega.

Python Example

student_id = 101

student_id = str(student_id)

print(student_id)
print(type(student_id))

Output

101
<class 'str'>

Decimal string ko integer me kaise convert kare? like (“2.2“).

Agar value String mein ho aur uske andar decimal number ho (jaise "2.2"), to use directly int() se convert nahi kar sakte.

Pehle value ko float() se Float mein convert karna padta hai, phir int() se Integer mein.

Example

number = "2.2"

print(int(number))

Output

ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '2.2'

Kyun?

• "2.2" ek String hai.

• Uske andar decimal number hai.

• int() sirf Integer value ya Integer string (jaise "2") ko direct convert kar sakta hai.

Sahi Tarika

Pehle String → Float, phir Float → Integer

number = "2.2"

number = int(float(number))

print(number)

Output

2

Important Note

int() round off nahi karta. Ye sirf decimal part remove (truncate) karta hai. Be carefull data loss ho sakta hai.

Examples:

int(2.9)    # 2
int(2.1)    # 2
int(-2.9)   # -2