GEOG 200 U2

The Canadian Shield. A physiographic region centered on Hudson Bay and extends for 8 million square km (3 million square miles) over eastern, central, and northwestern Canada. It constitutes the largest mass of exposed Precambrian rock on the face of the Earth. It is also a source of many valuable minerals

Continental Interior

Land-masses far from the ocean. Usually the sources of valuable materials.

Deindustrialization

Process by which companies relocate manufacturing jobs to other regions or countries with cheaper labor, leaving the newly-deindustrialized region to convert to a service economy while struggling with the accompanying effects of increased unemployment and meeting the retraining needs of its workforce.

Gentrification

The upgrading of an older residential area through private reinvestment, usually in the downtown area of a central city. Frequently, this involves the displacement of established lower-income residents, who cannot afford the heightened costs of living, and conflicts are not uncommon as such neighborhood change takes place.

Sharing economy

A recent development in urban economies based on the digital revolution that allows for sharing of heretofore private resources ranging from cars and scooters to overnight accommodation, from work space to power tools.

Great Recession

The economic downturn from 2008–2011 that was in large part based on the so-called “mortgage meltdown,” leading to foreclosures and other socio-economic distress.

Indigenous

Aboriginal or native; an example would be the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas

Mortgage meltdown

A part of the Great Recession where by 2012, nearly 70 percent of all mortgaged homes were “underwater,” meaning the market value of the house was less than the mortgage balance

Multiculturalism

Cultural pluralism or diversity (as within a society, an organization, or an educational institution)

The Northern Frontier. The largest North American Realm. Bountiful with minerals

St. Lawrence River. Apart of one of the two great drainage systems between the Rockies and the Appalacians.

Urban sprawl

Rapid expansion of urban areas

Urbanization

A term with a variety of connotations. The proportion of a country’s population living in urban places is its level of urbanization. The process of urbanization involves the movement to, and the clustering of, people in towns and cities—a major force in every geographic realm today. Another kind of urbanization occurs when an expanding city absorbs rural countryside and transforms it into suburbs; in the case of cities in disadvantaged countries, this also generates peripheral shantytowns.

Western frontier

Multi-nodal development

Nunavut

Post-industrial complexes

Primary industry