ORGS 2100 - Class 3: Job Satisfaction & Motivation

What is job satisfaction?

appraisal pleasure emotion: how employee feels about job

• connect expectation & task & environment / value & skill & aspiration

  • work relationship

  • learning & growth

  • work-life balance

  • meaning & purpose

What are some commonly assessed work value examples?

• pay

• promotion

• supervision

• coworker

• work

• altruism

• status

• environment

What is value-percept theory?

theory: job satisfaction = …

• perceived job supplying value

• job facet

What is the value-percept theory formula?

Dissatisfaction=V_{importance}\left(V_{want}-V_{have}\right)

What are some job facet examples?

• pay satisfaction

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• promotion satisfaction

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• supervision satisfaction

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• coworker satisfaction

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• work satisfaction

What are some examples of ways to forge friendships across differences?

• buddy system

• face time

• quick connection

• learning mindset

What is an example of a way to instil work satisfaction?

emphasize interesting parts

What did scientific management conclude?

boring job = easier ≠ better 

What makes work satisfying?

critical psychological state

What are the critical psychological states?

• result knowledge

• work meaningfulness

• outcome responsibility

What is job characteristics theory?

theory: core characteristics = work satisfaction

What are the job characteristics theory core characteristics?

|:| FVISA

• feedback

• variety

• identity

• significance

• autonomy

What core characteristics create result knowledge?

• feedback

What core characteristics create work meaningfulness?

• variety

• identity

• significance

What core characteristics create outcome responsibility?

• autonomy

What is the best way to protect a dopamine system?

novel experience

What is feedback in job characteristic theory?

degree: direct job feedback

What are the moderators in job characteristic theory?

• knowledge & skill

• growth need strength

What is a moderator?

variable: relationship strength influence

• powerful moderator = powerful variable

What is the job satisfaction theory process?

satisfaction potential score |:| SPS

• job crafting

• job enrichment

What is job crafting?

employee shapes job

What are some job crafting examples?

• switch task

• change relationship

• re-envision work

What are the mood categories?

• pleasantness

• activation

What are the intense positive mood conditions?

• challenging activity

• unique skill

→ flow

What is affective events theory?

theory: event generates emotion & triggers spontaneous behaviour

What do service jobs require from employees?

emotional labour → emotional contagion

What does job satisfaction predict?

job performance

What explains why job satisfaction predicts job performance?

• moderate positive correlation

  • task performance

  • citizenship behaviour

• positive feeling →

  • creativity

  • memory

  • problem solving & decision making

  • task persistence

• moderate negative correlation

  • counterproductive behaviour

What explains why job satisfaction influences organizational commitment?

• strong positive correlation

  • affective commitment

  • normative commitment

• no correlation

  • continuance commitment

What does job satisfaction strongly predict?

life satisfaction

What point does research suggest “money can’t buy happiness"?”

> $75,000 / year

What explains why life satisfaction across nations is important?

• reception

• policy

What are some job satisfaction assessment examples?

• attitude survey

>

• focus group

• interview

What are some job satisfaction survey examples?

• job descriptive index

What is the Job Descriptive Index?

|:| JDI

survey: job characteristic theory

What is the JDI’s companion survey?

Jobs in General

What is the Jobs in General scale?

|:| JIG

scale: overall job satisfaction

What is a JDI strength?

simple question

What are some JDI administration suggestion examples?

• as much of company as possible

• anonymous

• some demographic info

• by consulting / HR

What does JDI explore?

• average company facet v.s. neutral level

• average company facet v.s. national norm

• average department facet v.s. average department facet

What are some examples of ways to react to JDI data?

• pay satisfaction

  • benchmark → compensation: < competitor

• promotion satisfaction

  • revise assessing performance

• work satisfaction

  • redesign key task

  • informally train supervisor → core characteristics

What is motivation?

energetic forces determining work effort direction & intensity & pleasure

What is engagement?

// motivation

high work effort intensity & persistence

What is expectancy theory?

theory: voluntary response choice process

What are the expectancy theory beliefs based in experience?

• expectancy

→

• instrumentality

→

• valence

What is expectancy?

belief: E → P

• subjective probability

  • 0 - 1

What is an expectancy factor example?

• self-efficacy

What are some self-efficacy source examples?

• past accomplishment

• vicarious experience

• verbal persuasion

• emotional cue

→

• task requirement analysis

• personal & situational assessment

What is instrumentality?

belief: P → O

• subjective probability

  • 0 - 1

What is valence?

|:| V

outcome value

• negative - zero - positive

What deems outcomes more attractive?

satisfy need

What is a need?

outcome group having psychological / physiological consequences

What are the innate psychological needs?

• competence

• autonomy

• relatedness

What are some need examples?

• existence / physiology / safety

• relatedness / love / belongingness

• control / autonomy / responsibility

• esteem / self-regard / growth

• meaning / self-actualization

What is extrinsic motivation?

work effort due to task performance contingency

What is intrinsic motivation?

work effort due to task performance reward

What explains which outcomes are most attractive?

• varies

• underestimates pay motivator 

What is the money meaning?

money = symbolic + economic value

What are some money meaning symbolic value dimension examples?

• achievement

• respect

• freedom

What is the motivational force formula?

MotivationalForce=\left(E\to P\right)\left(\sum\left\lbrack P\to O\cdot V\right\rbrack\right)

What is goal setting theory?

theory: goal = primary intensity & persistence driver

What does the goal difficulty & task performance relationship predict?

specific & difficult goal >

What is a specific & difficult goal?

goal stretching employee to max while in ability boundary

What has to happen for effort level, persistence, & task strategy effects to happen?

self-set goal

What are the goal setting theory moderators?

• feedback

• tack complexity

• goal commitment

What are some fostering goal commitment examples?

• reward

• publicity

• support

• participation

• resource

What is participation in fostering goal commitment under goal setting theory?

set specific proficiency & date → employee feels ownership

What are some universal motivation examples?

• work

• pay

• achievement

• growth

What are some varied motivation examples?

• goal type

• reward

• participation

• feedback

What is equity theory?

theory: employee creates mental reward lodger relative to comparison other

What are the cognitive calculus possibilities?

• outcome:input ratio = comparison other

  • likely to maintain intensity & performance

• equity distress

  • underreward inequity

  • overreward inequity

What are some examples of ways to restore balance from underreward equity?

• grow outcome

  • talk to boss

  • steal from company

• shrink input

  • decrease intensity / persistence

• change comparison other

What is underreward inequity?

outcome:input ratio < comparison other

• likely to form envy

What is overreward inequity?

outcome:input ratio > comparison other

• likely to form guilt

What are some examples of ways to restore balance from underreward equity?

• shrink outcome

• grow input

  • increase intensity & persistence

  • citizenship behaviour

  • cognitive distortion

• change comparison other

What is cognitive distortion?

reexamine input → see undersold contribution

What is the most powerful citizenship behaviour comparison type?

job equity

What is the most powerful employee withdrawal comparison type?

occupation equity

What are some equity comparison type examples?

• job equity

• company equity

• occupation equity

• education equity

• age equity

What is job equity?

compare to others doing same job in same company

What is occupation equity?

compare to others doing same job in other company

What did reward equity research conclude?

trust > wage

• subjective nature frustrates manager

• but intensity & persistence by own equity perception

What are some pay secrecy benefit examples?

• reduce conflict

• privacy

What are some pay secrecy issue examples?

• guess equity level → underreward inequity

• distrust

What is psychological empowerment?

belief: task contributes to purpose

• intrinsic motivation

  • mastery

  • autonomy

  • relatedness

What makes work intrinisically motivating?

• meaningfulness

• self-determination

• competence

• imapct

What are some examples of ways to instil meaningfulness?

• articulate vision

• foster noncynical climate

• identify passion

What are some examples of ways to instil self-determination?

• delegate task

• trust with own approach

• earn trust

• negotiate latitude

What are some examples of ways to instil competence?

• training & knowledge gain

• positive feedback

• challenge

• self-directed learning

• pull feedback

• manage work

What are some examples of ways to instil impact?

• celebrate milestone

• build relationship

• initiate small win

What are modalities organizations should use to communicate goals?

• announce goal

• write on agenda

• convey online

How does motivation affect job performance?

strong correlation

• positively correlated task performance

  • self-efficacy & competence > goal difficulty > expectancy theory > equity theory

• moderately positively correlated citizenship behaviour

• moderately negatively correlated counterproductive behaviour

How does motivation affect organizational commitment?

moderate correlation

• moderately positively correlated equity theory

  • positively correlated affective & normative commitment

What are some examples of ways to judge compensation plan element impact?

• consider whether element provides difficult & specific goal

  • lump-sum bonus

  • gain share

  >

  • merit pay

  • profit share

• consider individual performance & money correspondence

  • piece-rate

  • merit pay

  >

  • gain share

  >

  • profit share

What are some compensation plan element examples?

individual

• piece-rate pay

• merit pay

• lump-sum bonus

• recognition award

v.s.

unit

• gain share

v.s.

organization

• profit share

What is piece-rate pay?

sold / produced unit rate

What is lump-sum bonus?

meeting goal bonus

• at risk pay re-earned each year

What is gain share?

employee & manager develop performance strategy by reducing cost → gains shared with employee

• at risk pay re-earned each year

What is profit share?

public earnings exceeding minimum bonus

• at risk pay re-earned each year

What are some merit pay issues?

• small pay differentiation

• instrumentality & equity theory constraint

• politics

• once-a-year schedule