test 5 simple IDs (ampag 13-15)

national nominating convention

new, circus-like method of nominating presidential candidates that involved wider participation but usually left effective control in the hands of party bosses

anti-masonic party

small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of nominating presidential candidates in the election campaign of 1831–1832

corrupt bargain

contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet office

old hickory

Andrew Jackson’s popular nickname, signaling his toughness and strength

spoils system (OR patronage)

the arrangement under which public offices were handed out on the basis of political support rather than qualifications

tariff of abominations

scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828

nullification

theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected

bank of the US

the “moneyed monster” that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832

freemasons

ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful third party in 1832

evangelical protestants

religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic party and then to the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform

cherokee, choctaw

any two of the southeastern Indian peoples who were removed to Oklahoma

trail of tears

the sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Indians were removed to Oklahoma

black hawk war

conflict of 1832 in which the Sauk and Fox Indians of Illinois and Wisconsin were defeated by federal troops and state militias

panic of 1837

economic crisis that precipitated an economic depression and doomed the presidency of Martin Van Buren

log cabin / hard cider

popular symbols of the flamboyant but effective campaign the Whigs used to elect “poor-boy” William Henry Harrison over Martin Van Buren in 1840

john c. calhoun

former vice president, leader of South Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of Andrew Jackson

henry clay

Jackson’s rival for the presidency in 1832, who failed to save the Bank of the United States

nicholas biddle

talented but high-handed bank president who fought a bitter losing battle with the president of the United States

sequoyah

Cherokee leader who devised an alphabet for his people

john quincy adams

aloof New England statesman whose elitism made him an unpopular leader in the new era of mass democracy

david crocket

a frontier hero, Tennessee Congressman, and teller of tall tales who died in the Texas War for Independence

moses austin

original leader of American settlers in Texas who obtained a huge land grant from the Mexican government

sam houston

former Tennessee governor whose victory at San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its independence

osceola

seminole leader whose warriors killed fifteen hundred American soldiers in years of guerrilla warfare

santa anna

Mexican general and dictator whose large army failed to defeat Texas rebels

martin van buren

the “wizard of Albany,” whose economically troubled presidency was served in the shadow of Jackson

black hawk

Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was defeated by American regulars and militia in 1832

william henry harrison

“Old Tippecanoe,” who was portrayed by Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking common man of the frontier

whigs

political party that favored a more activist government, high tariffs, internal improvements, and moral reforms

democrats

political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and hostility to privilege

tammany hall

New York Democratic machine organization that exemplifies the growing power of Irish immigrants in American politics

ancient order of hibernians

semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America

forty-eighters

liberal German refugees who fled failed democratic revolutions and came to America

know-nothings (order of the star-spangled banner)

popular nickname of the secretive, nativist American Party that gained considerable, temporary success in the 1850s by attacking immigrants and Catholics

industrial revolution

the transformation of manufacturing that began in Britain about 1750

cotton gin

Whitney’s invention that enhanced cotton production and gave new life to black slavery

limited liability

principle that permitted individual investors to risk no more capital in a business venture than their own share of a corporation’s stock

the great exhibition (in london)

major European exposition in 1851 that provided a dazzling showcase for the American inventions of Samuel Morse, Cyrus McCormick, and Charles Goodyear

commonwealth v hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision of 1842 that overturned the widespread doctrine that labor unions were illegal conspiracies in restraint of trade

cult of domesticity

term for the widespread nineteenth-century cultural creed that glorified women’s roles as wives and mothers in the home

mechanical reaper

Cyrus McCormick’s invention that vastly increased the productivity of the American grain farmer

the national road / cumberland road

the only major highway constructed by the federal government before the Civil War

the clermont / fulton’s folly

the name of Robert Fulton’s first steamship that sailed up the Hudson River in 1807

erie canal

Clinton’s Big Ditch that transformed transportation and economic life across the Great Lakes region from Buffalo to Chicago

pony express

short-lived but spectacular service that carried mail from Missouri to California in only ten days

samuel slater

immigrant mechanic who initiated American industrialization by setting up his cotton-spinning factory in 1791

maria monk

escaped nun whose lurid book Awful Disclosures became an anti-Catholic best seller in the 1830s

samuel colt

weapons manufacturer whose popular revolver used Whitney’s system of interchangeable parts

eli whitney

yankee mechanical genius who revolutionized cotton production and created the system of interchangeable parts

elias howe

inventor of a machine that revolutionized the ready-made clothing industry

samuel f. b. morse

painter turned inventor who developed the first reliable system for instant communication across distance

catharine beecher

prominent figure who helped turn teaching into a largely female profession

know-nothings

agitators against immigrants and Roman Catholics

commonwealth v hunt

pioneering Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that declared labor unions legal

cyrus mccormick

inventor of the mechanical reaper that transformed grain growing into a business

robert fulton

developer of a folly that made rivers two-way streams of transportation

cyrus field

wealthy New York manufacturer who laid the first temporary transatlantic cable in 1858

roger taney

Supreme Court justice whose ruling in the Charles River Bridge case opened chartered monopolies to competition

molly maguires

radical, secret Irish labor union of the 1860s and 1870s

dewitt clinton

New York governor who built the Erie Canal

deism

liberal religious belief, held by many of the Founders such as Paine, Jefferson, and Franklin, that stressed rationalism and moral behavior rather than Christian revelation while retaining belief in a Supreme Being

second great awakening

religious revival that began on the frontier and swept eastward, stirring an evangelical spirit in many areas of American life

methodists / baptists

two religious denominations that benefited most from the evangelical revivals of the early nineteenth century

mormons

religious group founded by Joseph Smith that eventually established a cooperative commonwealth in Utah

burned-over district

area of western New York state where frequent, fervent religious revivals produced intense religious controversies and numerous new sects

seneca falls convention

memorable 1848 meeting in New York where women made an appeal based on the Declaration of Independence

oberlin college

evangelical college in Ohio that was the first institution of higher education to admit blacks and women

brook farm

short-lived intellectual commune in Massachusetts based on “plain living and high thinking”

monticello

Thomas Jefferson’s stately self-designed home in Virginia that became a model of American architecture

the shakers

long-lived communal religious group, founded by Mother Ann Lee, that emphasized simple living and prohibited all marriage and sexual relationships

transcendentalism

philosophical and literary movement, centered in New England, that greatly influenced many American writers of the early nineteenth century

civil disobedience

the doctrine, promoted by American writer Henry David Thoreau in an essay of the same name, that later influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

leaves of grass

Walt Whitman’s originally shocking poetic masterpiece that embraced sexual liberation and celebrated America as a great democratic experiment

moby dick

Herman Melville’s great but commercially unsuccessful novel about Captain Ahab’s obsessive pursuit of a white whale

blackface

popular nineteenth-century musical entertainments that featured white actors and singers with painted black faces

dorothea dix

quietly determined reformer who substantially improved conditions for the mentally ill

brigham young

the “Mormon Moses” who led persecuted Latter-Day Saints to their promised land in Utah

elizabeth cady stanton

leading feminist who wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” in 1848 and pushed for women’s suffrage

lucretia mott

quaker women’s rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery

emily dickinson

reclusive New England poet who wrote about love, death, and immortality

charles grandison finney

influential evangelical revivalist of the Second Great Awakening

amelia bloomer

female reformer who promoted short skirts and trousers as a replacement for highly restrictive women’s clothing

john humphrey noyes

leader of a radical New York commune that practiced complex marriage and eugenic birth control

mary lyon

pioneering women’s educator, founder of Mount Holyoke Seminary in Massachusetts

louisa may alcott

a leading female transcendentalist who wrote Little Women and other novels to help support her family

james fenimore cooper

path-breaking American novelist who contrasted the natural person of the forest with the values of modern civilization

ralph waldo emerson

second-rate poet and philosopher, but first-rate promoter of transcendentalist ideals and American culture

walt whitman

bold, unconventional poet who celebrated American democracy

edgar allan poe

eccentric genius whose tales of mystery, suffering, and the supernatural departed from general American literary trends

herman melville

New York writer whose romantic sea tales were more popular than his dark literary masterpiece