Vertebral column,Spinal Cord, Meninges, deep and superficial back muscles

Portion of it is Quiz #1 content!

Axial

Axis around which the rest of the body moves

Appendicular

Appendages

Name Terminology

Name Terminology

Median (Medial Sagittal) Plane

• Vertical plane passing longitudinally through centre of body

  • Divides body into left and right halves

Sagittal planes

• Vertical planes passing through body parallel to median plane

  • Divide body into left and right portions

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

• Vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to medial plane

  • divides body into Anterior and Posterior portions

Transverse Planes

• Pass through body at right angles to median and frontal planes

  • divides the body into Superior and Inferior portions

Flexion and Extension

• Generally occur in Sagittal Plane

  • Flexion: Motion that decreases a joint angle

  • Extension: motion that increases joint angle

Abduction and Adduction

Abduction: Movement away from the median plane/midline

Adduction: Movement toward the median plane/mindline

*Think ADDuction - “add” to the body

Describe Medial/Lateral Rotation of Humerus

Humerus Revolves Along its longitudinal Axis

Medial Rotation of Humerus:

• brings anterior surface of limb closer to median plane

Lateral Rotation of Humerus:

• takes anterior surface of limb farther from median plane

Lateral Flexion

Moving away from the midline of the body

• head & trunk

Rotation

Turning about the axis of the body

• head & trunk

Pronation and Supination

Distal end of Radius swings around proximal aspect of radius

• rotates in place

Elevation and Depression

• Part of the movement of the Scapula

Retraction and Protraction

• Part of the movement of the Scapula

  • Retraction of Scapula

    • medial border of scapula moves posteromedially on thoracic wall

  • Protraction of Scapula

    • Medial Border of Scapula moves anterolaterally on thoracic wall

Describe the Upward/Downward Rotation of Scapula

• Upward

  • Glenoid Cavity Moves up (Lateral rotation of scapula: relative to inferior angle)

• Downward

  • Glenoid Cavity Moves down (medial rotation of scapula: relative to inferior angle)

Inversion and Eversion

FEET

Describe the different sections of the Vertebral Column

7 Cervical Vertebrae → 12 Thoracic Vertebrae → 5 Lumbar Vertebrae → Sacrum (5 sacral Segments that are fused)→ Coccyx (4 Coccygeal Segements that are fused)

Where do Spinal Nerves exit?

• Exit the Vertebral Canal at each vertebral level via the intervebral foramina

Describe the Vertebral Foramen and Vertebral Body

• Foramen is the “hole” in the vertebrae → where nerves travel through

  • body is basically the main body (self explanatory)

• **Vertebral Canal runs right through the middle of the spine! (collection of foramen assembled)

Name the connecting structures of the vertebrae

Describe this structure and where it meets

Spinous Process

• Point where 2 Laminae meet posteriorly

Describe this structure and where it meets

Transverse Process and Articular Process (Superior and Inferior)

Identify the 7 processes that arise from the vertebral arch (name structures that are being pointed at)

What are the point (s) where the lamina meets pedicle?

• Transverse Process (2)

• Superior Articular Process (2)

• Inferior Articular Process (2)

What are the point (s) where the Laminae meet?

• Spinous Process

Describe the Intervertebral Foramen

Describe the Intervertebral Foramen

*They’re on one vertebrae, so while it may look like superior is inferior, consider the perspective of one vertebrae instead of the whole spine!

Describe the Intervertebral Foramen

Describe furthermore the spaces through which spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal

Intervertebral Foramen & Vertebral Canal

Identify the osteological structures contributing to intervertebral foramen

• Superior and Inferior Vertebral notch

  • intervertebral discs

• Adjacent vertebral bodies

  • Adjacent pedicles

• Zygapophysical (facet) jints and articular process

Describe the “Special” Cervical Vertebrae

Atlas & Axis

• The unique thing about C1 and C2 is that they have a dens for rotation of the skull 

  • C1 has the facet for the Dens

  • C2 had the Dens itself (Odontoid process)

Describe the Typical Cervical Vertebrae

• have a Transverse foramen

  • alongside the transverse process

• has a bifid spinous process

  • triangular-shaped foramen

    • small vertebral body

• C7’s spinous proceesses are quite long

  • C7 does not have a Bifid spinous process

Describe the Thoracic Vertebrae

• has a transverse costal facet

  • to attach to ribs

• has a circular shaped foramen

  • and a heart shaped vertebral body

    • larger than cervical

• Long Spinous process

  • has a costal facet