kin 217 - nucleotide metabolism chapter 32

purine, pyrimidine

a nucleotide has a nitrogenous base which is heterocyclic, meaning it can be a _______ or a _______________

false

a nucleotide has: a nitrogenous base, hexose sugar, and phosphates

t or f

uridine

which nucleotide is NOT in DNA

thymine

which nucleotide is NOT in RNA

proliferating cells

demand for nucleotide metabolism can be high in ________________

nucleotide synthesis

many cancer drugs will inhibit ________________

de novo

this method of making nitrogenous base involves making a "new base"

salvage

this method of making nitrogenous base involves reusing existing base

PRPP

____________ is required for both de novo and salvage for a nitrogenous base

pyrophosphate

PRPP is ribose "activated" with ______________________

pyrimidine

__________________ is synthesized from bicarbonate, aspartate and ammonia from glutamine

ribose

a pyrimidine ring is made first before it is attached to an activated _________

RNA nucleotides (UMP)

the end product of a pyrimidine synthesis is one of the main _______________________

carbamoyl phosphate

step 1 of pyrimidine pathway involves the production of ___________________

CPS II / carbamoyl phosphate synthase II

carbamoyl phosphate synthesis is catalyzed by _____________________ in pyrimidine synthesis

aspartate

step two of pyrimidine pathway involves adding ___________ to make carbamoylaspartate

aspartate transcarbamolyase

this enzyme helps make carbamoylaspartate during pyrimidine pathway

aspartate transcarbamolyase

what enzyme is the key regulatory enzyme of the pyrimidine pathway

orotate

carbamoylaspartate will become cyclic and oxidized to make ________________

PRPP

step 3 of the pyrimidine pathway involves taking orotate and combining it with _________ to make oritidylate

PPi

the production of oritidylate is driving by _______

uridylate

when oritidylate decarboxylates it will become _______________

UDP

UMP will first convert to ________ during pyrimidine modifications

specific nucleoside monophosphate kinases

UMP turns to UDP with the use of UMP ___________________________

UTP

UDP then converts to ______________ during pyrimidine modifications

non-specific nucleoside diphosphate kinase

UDP uses ________________________ to turn to UTP

CTP, TTP

_______ and _______ are generated by modifying UTP

aminate

CTP has a _______________ on the nucleoside base

methylate

TTP has a _________________ on a nucleoside base

true

TTP has a reduce ribose

t or f

ribose

purines are synthesized on a _______________ molecule

5-PR-1-amine

_____________________ formed from PRPP and glutamine

glutamine phosphoribosyl aminotransferase

to formation of 5-PR-1-amine is catalyzed by the enzyme ___________________________________

pyrophosphate

what molecule is used to drive the rxn for 5-PR-1-amine

9

______ steps are needed to make inosine monophosphate (IMP/inosinate) from 5-PR-1-amine

adenylate (AMP)

IMP converts to ___________________ in a pathway that requires GTP

guanosine monophosphate / GMP / guanylate

IMP metabolizes to ______________________in a pathway that requires ATP

5-PR-1-amine

the first step of purine synthesis involves glycine added to a __________________ making glycinamide ribonucleotide

formyltetrahydrofolate

______________________ donates a formyl group to the glycinamide ribonucleotide to become formylglycinamide ribonucleotide

ammonia

formylglycinamide ribonucleotide adds an ______________ to start the second ring structure

ATP

_______ is used to help close the 5-membered ring once ammonia is added to formylglycinamide ribonucleotide to make 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide

second

CO2 from bicarbonate is added to the amine of the ____________ ring and shifted to neighbouring carbon to make carboxyaminoimidazole during purine synthesis

aspartate

carboxyaminoimidazole has _____________ added on the new carboxyl on the second ring to make 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide

fumarate

_______________ on 5-aminoimidazole-4-(N-succinylcarboxamide) ribonucleotide is removed leaving an amine to make 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide

folate

5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide involves another formyl group added via the '____________'

dehydration

the last step of purine synthesis involves closing the ring by _______________ to make IMP

aspartate

to make AMP from IMP, an amine is added via __________________

fumarate

to make AMP from IMP, what molecule needs to leave

XMP

to make GMP from IMP you need to hydrate and oxidize to __________

amine

GMP production involves adding ____________ from glutamine

phosphates

ATP and GTP is made from additional ________________

true

specific nucleoside monophosphate kinases help turn AMP to ATP

t or f

false

specific nucleoside monophosphate kinases help turn GMP to GTP

T or f

deoxyribonucleotides

__________________ is synthesized from ribonucleotides diphosphates

reduction

deoxynucleotides use a _________ rxn

ribonucleotide reductase

deoxynucleotides has the 2'-hydroxyl group of ribose replaced by a hydrogen by ______________________

false

ribonucleotide reductase does not act on all four ribonucleotides

t or f

dUMP

to make thymidylate, deoxyuridine diphosphate (dUDP) will first convert to

kinase, pyrophosphate

dUDP to dUMP by ________/______________ reactions

methyl

what group is added to dUMP to make thymidylate

thymidylate synthase

adding a methyl group to dUMP to make thymidylate uses what enzyme

folate

adding a methyl group to dUMP to make thymidylate requires a carbon group from _____________

chemotherapy

_______________ can inhibit cell growth in cancer

nucleotides

cancer is uncontrolled cell growth which has rapidly dividing cells needing _____________

fluorouracil

_______________ is a dUMP analog and a suicide inhibitor

aminopterin, methotrexate

______________, and _________________ are folate analogs which inhibit production of needed cofactor