APWH Units 1-9

These flashcards cover key concepts and developments in world history from 1200 to the present, focusing on political, economic, social, and cultural transformations.

What political entities emerged as the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented?

The Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, and Delhi Sultanate.

Who was one of the key innovators in mathematics during the Islamic Golden Age?

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.

How did European society in 1200-1450 become politically fragmented?

Through decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and the manorial system.

What was a significant agricultural innovation in medieval Europe?

The three-field system.

What two main belief systems shaped societies in South and Southeast Asia?

Hinduism and Islam.

Which empire is known for its floating gardens called chinampas?

The Mexica (Aztec) Empire.

What was a critical technological innovation during the Song Dynasty?

The expansion of the Grand Canal.

What process involved the spread of crops like bananas and champa rice?

The diffusion of crops along trade routes.

How did the expansion of the Mongol Empire affect trade?

It facilitated trade and communication along the Silk Roads, creating safer routes.

What was a primary outcome of the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

What did the Atlantic System involve?

The movement of goods, wealth, and labor, including the transatlantic slave trade.

What ideology justified European imperialism in the 19th century?

Social Darwinism and the concept of the 'White Man's Burden'.

Which conflict marked the beginning of the 20th-century wars?

World War I.

What was the primary role of the government during the Industrial Revolution?

To promote state-sponsored visions of industrialization.

What economic policy did Franklin D. Roosevelt adopt in response to the Great Depression?

The New Deal.

What were some key technologies of transportation introduced in the 20th century?

Air travel, shipping containers, and enhanced communication devices.

What social changes occurred as a result of migration patterns in the 19th century?

Creation of ethnic enclaves and role shifts in home societies.

What were significant movements in the global resistance to established power structures?

Movements by Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela promoting nonviolence.

What is a hallmark of globalization in the late 20th century?

The rise of knowledge economies and global consumerism.

How did Muslim rule expand historically?

Muslim rule expanded through a combination of military conquest, trade, and the spread of Islam as a religion, leading to the establishment of powerful caliphates and empires such as the Umayyad and Abbasid.

What are 'People of the Book' in Islamic tradition?

'People of the Book' refers to Jews and Christians in Islamic tradition, who are recognized for having received holy scriptures and are respected within the Muslim faith.

What are the main parts of Christianity?

he main parts of Christianity include the belief in the Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit), the teachings of Jesus Christ, the importance of the Bible, sacraments (such as baptism and communion), and the practice of worship and prayer.

What are the central tenets of Judaism?

The central tenets of Judaism include the belief in one God, following the teachings of the Torah, observing the Sabbath, and upholding the ethical and moral commandments outlined in Jewish law.

What is serfdom?

Serfdom is a socio-economic system in which peasants are bound to a lord's land and required to serve them, often working in exchange for protection and the right to work a piece of land for their own sustenance.

What was the system of government in the Song Dynasty?

The Song Dynasty employed a centralized bureaucratic system with an emphasis on meritocracy, utilizing civil service examinations to select government officials, which promoted Confucian ideals and administrative efficiency.

What are some key cultural traditions in China?

Key cultural traditions in China include Confucianism, which emphasizes familial respect and social harmony, the practice of calligraphy, traditional Chinese medicine, festivals like Lunar New Year, and various forms of art such as poetry and painting.

What were the different types of Buddhism

Theravada, which focuses on individual enlightenment and the Pali Canon; Mahayana, which emphasizes universal salvation and incorporates various texts; and Vajrayana, which is characterized by esoteric practices and rituals, often associated with Tibetan Buddhism.

What was the Vijayanagara Empire

South Indian empire established in the 14th century, known for its advanced administration, military prowess, and promotion of Hindu culture, art, and architecture.

What was the Srivijaya Empire

A maritime empire based in Southeast Asia, flourishing from the 7th to the 13th century, known for its trade networks, Buddhist influence, and control over the Strait of Malacca.

What was the Khmer Empire

A powerful Southeast Asian empire that existed from the 9th to the 15th centuries, known for its monumental architecture, including the famous Angkor Wat, and its influence on art, culture, and religion in the region.

What were the Sinhala Dynasties

A series of ancient kingdoms on the island of Sri Lanka, known for their contributions to Sinhalese culture, Buddhism, and the establishment of irrigation systems and agricultural advancements.

What was the Majapahit Empire

A significant maritime empire based on the island of Java, flourishing from the 13th to the 16th centuries, recognized for its expansion of trade, cultural influence across Southeast Asia, and the promotion of Hindu-Buddhist traditions.

What was significant in Great Zimbabwe?

Medieval city known for its impressive stone structures and as a center of trade and cultural exchange in Southern Africa, flourishing from the 11th to 15th centuries.

What are key economic parts of the Great Zimbabwe?

Trade in gold, ivory, and cattle. The city served as a major trading hub connecting different regions within Africa and with traders from the Middle East and Asia.

What was Ethiopia in 1200-1450

A prominent kingdom located in the Horn of Africa, known for its Christian heritage, trade networks, and unique architectural achievements such as rock-hewn churches.

What were the Hausa Kingdoms?

A collection of independent city-states in northern Nigeria, known for their prosperous trade, Islamic scholarship, and political structures from around the 11th century.

What were key segments of the Aztec Empire?

A complex society with a strong central government, extensive agricultural practices, and a rich tradition of trade and tribute systems. It is also known for its impressive architecture, including temples and pyramids, as well as a deep religious and cultural framework.

What was the Maya Kingdom?

An ancient Mesoamerican civilization known for its sophisticated writing system, architectural achievements, and advancements in mathematics and astronomy. They developed city-states that thrived through agriculture and trade.

What was the Incan Empire?

A powerful South American civilization that developed in the Andes with a centralized government, extensive road networks, and remarkable architectural achievements like Machu Picchu. They were known for their agricultural innovations and rich cultural traditions.

Who were the Cahokia People?

A Native American culture known for building large earthen mounds in the eastern United States near modern-day St. Louis. They were influential in trade and had a complex social structure.

Who were the Pueblo people?

A Native American group known for their adobe dwellings and agricultural practices, primarily located in the Southwestern United States. They developed complex societies with rich traditions and were skilled artisans.

What were key factors of the growth of the Silk Road?

Key factors included the expansion of empires, a demand for luxury goods, and advancements in trade technologies such as the compass and improved caravan routes.

Which two cities were specific to the Silk Road?

Kashgar and Samarkand

What were the developments in money economies?

The introduction of coinage, the establishment of banking systems, and the growth of trade networks, which facilitated commerce and led to increased economic complexity.

Which technologies led to the growth of the Trans-Saharan trade?

The camel saddle, which improved transportation across deserts, and navigational tools such as the compass that aided in long-distance trade.

What were popular goods in demand in the Trans-Saharan Trade?

Salt, gold, ivory, and textiles were major goods that drove the Trans-Saharan trade.

What were key parts of the Mali Empire?

Wealth from gold and salt, its capital city of Timbuktu as a cultural and educational center, and its significant trade routes across West Africa.

Which cities contributed to the growth of the Indian Ocean Trade Network?

Swahili city-states, Calicut, Hormuz, Gujarat, and Malacca.

What are diasporic communities?

Formed by merchants and traders who spread across different regions, influencing cultural exchange and trade networks.

What was the Mongol Empire?

A vast and powerful empire that emerged in the 13th century, known for uniting much of Eurasia under Genghis Khan and for its extensive trade networks and cultural exchanges across Asia and Europe.

What were key aspects of Mongol influence?

Trade facilitation, cultural exchanges between East and West, and the establishment of the Pax Mongolica, which allowed for safer and more efficient travel across the Silk Road. Additionally, the Mongols attempted the adoption of the Uyghur Script.

What are some innovations that were diffused throughout Eurasia?

Papermaking, the compass, and gunpowder, which significantly impacted navigation, warfare, and communication across cultures.

Who were major travelers across Eurasia and what they do?

Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta, who journeyed vast distances across Asia, documenting their experiences, facilitating trade, and fostering cultural exchanges through their writings and interactions.

What were crops that were diffused across Eurasia as a result of extended trade networks?

Rice, wheat, and sugarcane, which were introduced to new regions, enhancing agricultural diversity and productivity.

What were the Land-Based empires that expanded?

The Land-Based empires that expanded included the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, which significantly influenced trade, culture, and politics across Eurasia. These empires were called “Gunpowder Empires”

Why were the Ottoman, Mughal, Safavid, and Manchu empires called Gunpowder Empires?

Their reliance on gunpowder technology and firearms to expand their territories and consolidate power, which gave them a military advantage over rivals.

What were differing belief systems in Gunpowder Empires?

Islam, which was predominant in the Ottoman and Safavid empires, and Hinduism in the Mughal Empire, reflecting a diverse religious landscape that influenced governance and social structure. However, the Ottomans and Mughals were Sunni Muslim while the Safavids were Shia under Shah Ismail II.

What were key aspects of Land-Based empire administration?

Centralized governance, efficient bureaucracies, and the integration of diverse cultures and religions, which helped maintain control over vast territories and manage various populations.

Which administration services were in the Ottoman Empire?

The Devshirme system recruits and trains Balkan Christian boys for military and bureaucratic roles, the Janissaries served as elite soldiers, and tax farming involved private individuals collecting taxes on behalf of the state.

What administration services or legitimizing figures were in the Safavid Empire?

A centralized bureaucracy, appointed provincial governors, and enforced a religious policy supporting Shia Islam, along with utilizing the Qizilbash warriors as military leaders. The Hagia Sophia Mosque served as a key symbol of legitimacy and religious authority.

What administration services or legitimizing figures were in the Mughal Empire?

A complex bureaucracy with regional governors called Subahdars, the Mansabdari system for military and administrative organization, and religious tolerance policies under leaders like Akbar. Zamindar tax collection was also a key aspect. The Taj Mahal was a huge legitimizing architectural marvel.

What administration services or legitimizing figures were in the Qing Dynasty?

A centralized bureaucracy, Confucian examinations for civil service recruitment, and a network of provincial governors. Legitimization included the emperor as the 'Son of Heaven' and the adoption of Manchu customs to integrate with Han Chinese culture. Qing imperial portraits were an example of these adoptions.

What were technologies that facilitated the Indian Ocean Trade Network?

Understanding of wind and current patterns, the Lateen sail, the compass, the astrolabe, cartography, and astronomical charts

What were the innovative ship designs and who made them?

The Caravel was invented by the Portuguese, the Carrack was invented by the Spanish, and the Fluyt was invented by the Dutch.

What were some economic causes of exploration?

The desire for new trade routes, access to valuable resources such as gold and spices, and the expansion of markets for European goods

What were economic effects of the Age of Exploration?

New trade routes, an influx of wealth and resources to Europe, and the expansion of European colonial empires.

Who were notable Portuguese explorers and what did they do?

Vasco da Gama, who found a sea route to India, Prince Henry the Navigator, who sponsored expeditions along the African coast, and Bartholomew Diaz who was the first to cross the Cape of Good Hope

Who were notable Spanish explorers and what did they do?

Christopher Columbus, who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean; Hernán Cortés, who led the conquest of the Aztec Empire; Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca Empire; Ferdinand Magellan, who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

Who were notable French explorers and what did they do?

Jacques Cartier, who claimed Canada for France; Samuel de Champlain, who founded Quebec and established French colonies; and René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, who explored the Mississippi River.

Who were notable English explorers and what did they do?

Sir Walter Raleigh, who established the Roanoke Colony; John Cabot, who explored North America's coast; and Sir Francis Drake, who circumnavigated the globe and raided Spanish settlements.

Who was Zheng He?

A Chinese explorer and diplomat during the Ming Dynasty, known for his seven maritime expeditions to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and East Africa, which established Chinese trade routes and diplomatic relations.

Which Asian states adopted restrictive or isolationist trade policies and why?

Japan and China: to protect their sovereignty, maintain social order, and limit foreign influence, particularly during the Edo period in Japan and the Ming and Qing dynasties in China.

What are examples of local resistance against European state power?

Local uprisings such as the Pueblo revolts, Cossack revolts, and Metacom’s war were responses to European colonial rule and expansion, where local populations sought to defend their land and autonomy.

What were examples of labor systems in the period 1450-1750?

The Mit’a system in the Incan empire which called for public service for a month, chattel slavery in which individuals were treated as property, and indentured servitude where laborers worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the New World.

What were economic strategies that European rulers employed to consolidate power?

European rulers employed mercantilism, joint-stock companies that had monopolies on trade, and taxation of colonial resources

What were the VOC and EIC?

Powerful trading companies established by the Dutch and the British, respectively, during the 17th century, that monopolized trade in Asia and contributed to European imperial expansion.

What are highlights of the Columbian exchange?

The widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World, following Christopher Columbus's voyages. It significantly impacted agricultural practices, diets, and populations on both sides of the Atlantic.

What was the Protestant Revolution?

A religious movement in the 16th century led by figures like Martin Luther, challenging the practices of the Catholic Church and resulting in the establishment of various denominations.

What was the Anti-Protestant Revolution?

A counter-reformation movement initiated by the Catholic Church in the 16th century, aimed at combating the spread of Protestantism and reaffirming Catholic doctrine and practices. It included the Council of Trent and the establishment of the Jesuits to promote Catholic education and missionary work.

Who were elites in China, the New World, the Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, and general Europe in the period of 1450-1750?

The Manchus, Creoles, Urban Commercial Entrepreneurs in port cities, Timars, Boyars, and European royal families.

What are highlights of the Enlightenment?

Key ideas include reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, emphasizing science and human rights, with influential thinkers like John Locke and Voltaire.

Who was John Locke?

An English philosopher and physician, regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. He is known for his contributions to liberal theory, particularly the concepts of natural rights, government by consent, and the social contract.

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

An English philosopher best known for his work "Leviathan," which established the foundation for modern political philosophy. He argued for a strong central authority to prevent chaos, describing human nature as self-interested and conflict-prone.

Who was Baron von Montesquieu?

A French political philosopher known for his theory of the separation of powers, which inspired modern democratic governance. His key work, "The Spirit of the Laws," explored how laws and institutions shape society.

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

A French philosopher influential during the Enlightenment, he is best known for his work "The Social Contract," which argued that people are inherently good but are corrupted by society. He emphasized the importance of equality and popular sovereignty in government.

Who was Voltaire?

A French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher celebrated for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade. He was known for his wit and criticism of the Church and the state, particularly in works like "Candide."

Who was Thomas Paine?

An English-American political activist and philosopher, he is best known for his influential pamphlet "Common Sense," which argued for American independence from Britain. He also wrote "The Rights of Man," promoting republicanism and human rights.

Who was Adam Smith?

A Scottish economist and philosopher, he is best known for his book "The Wealth of Nations," where he laid the foundations of classical economics and advocated for free market principles and the importance of self-interest in economic behavior.

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?

An English writer and advocate for women's rights, she is best known for her work "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," which argues for the education and empowerment of women as essential for achieving gender equality.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention?

A pivotal gathering that marked the beginning of the women's rights movement in the United States. It focused on women's suffrage and issued the Declaration of Sentiments, outlining grievances and demands for equality.

What is Nationalism?

A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation or group, often in opposition to foreign influence, advocating for self-governance and national unity.

Who was Denis Diderot?

A French philosopher and writer, best known as the co-founder and chief editor of the "Encyclopédie," which aimed to promote knowledge and challenge traditional thinking during the Enlightenment.

What is Liberalism?

A political and economic philosophy advocating for individual liberties, democratic governance, and free market principles, often emphasizing the protection of civil rights and social equality.

What are examples of colonial revolutions in the Americas that established new nation-states?

Examples include the American Revolution (1775-1783), the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), and the Latin American wars of independence throughout the 19th century.

What are examples of Revolutionary documents?

The Declaration of Independence, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the Communist Manifesto.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

A period of significant technological advancement starting in the late 18th century, leading to the mechanization of production, changes in labor practices, and urbanization.

What factors contributed to the growth of Industrial production?

Proximity to waterways, geographical distribution of coal, iron, and timber, urbanization, improved agricultural productivity, urban labor supply, access to foreign resources, and accumulation of capital

What was the factory system?

An organized method of production where goods are manufactured in a centralized location using machinery and a large workforce.

What is specialization of labor?

A manufacturing approach where workers focus on specific tasks or processes, enhancing efficiency and productivity in the production of goods.

What are technologies produced by the first and second industrial revolution?

Innovations such as the steam engine, spinning jenny, power loom, electricity, and assembly line techniques that transformed manufacturing and industry.