chem chapter 13

earth's energy budget

starts with incoming radiation from the sun, mostly visible light

greenhouse gases are effective at

absorbing infrared radiation, the stuff earth re-emits to space

how many degrees warmer earth is compared to w/out greenhouse gases

35 degrees

what is GWP

global warming potential, heat trapping capacity of a greenhouse gas over time compared to similar amount of CO2

3 types of movement by molecules

rotation along axis, stretching of individual atoms (springing), angle bending, radiation absorbed is converted into kinetic movement

Most powerful greenhouse gas and % of total infrared radiation absorption

Water vapor, 50%, clouds contribute another 20%

All other greenhouse gases besides H2O absorb how much infrared radiation

30%

Atmospheric window range and how water vapor would affect it

Currently 5-20 micrometers, but an increase in water vapor would decrease the window (it can absorb in that range)

Effect of # of atoms and shape of molecule on radiation absorption

More atoms = more absorption, linear = less absorption than bent, different mass distribution = different wavelength absorption

How much solar radiation reaches surface and what happens after

55% reaches, 12% reflected and others absorbed

How much solar radiation doesn't reach surface and what happens to it

45%, half of 45% is reflected and half is absorbed by atmosphere's ozone and oxygen (UV radiation)

Glacier ice definition

Snow that's been compacted year after year

Isotopes used for temperature clues

18O and 2H, less abundant when cold

Interglacials are

Brief warm periods between ice ages, roughly every 100,000 years from earth's orbit shape

Peak of the last ice age conditions

26k years ago, 125m lower oceans (25% more land), ended about 15k years ago

Current rate of sea level rise

3mm/yr

Why is sea level rising

Burning of fossil fuels melts alpine/tidewater glaciers, Antarctice/Greenland ice, thermal expansion of ocean water

How much ice is melting from glaciers and how much sea level rise would it cause

half a trillion tons of ice melt per year, 68m overall rise

Varves

Annual sediment layers in lakes, larger particles during spring

Fossil corals

Coral form calcium carbonate layers, density of layers change w/ temperature, pH, rainfall

Tree rings

width of ring depends on light and water, compared with current trees and planks used for builds to create a record 10k years+

idrk what to do for SST and coral oxygen isotope anomaly

go study it urself retigga page 74

Little Ice age

Mt Rinjani erupted and ejected 250 million metric tons of aerosols into atmosphere, blocking sun

Global temperatures have been falling for the past ___ years

7500, over past 120 years they are now rising

Atmospheric CO2 levels fluctated between __ppm and __ppm for the past million years, it is now ___ppm

170-280, 415 and rising

Temperatures in central US can change more than ___C in one day, overall temperature worldwide increased __C

30, 1

Earth's populatoin grows another billion every __ years and every day, ___ people get access to electricity and clean water

15, 300K

What are the two stable carbon isotopes and their percentages

12C (98.9%), 13C (1.1%), HOWEVER plants/biomass have much less 13C

Values of 13C for atmosphere naturally, volcanic emissions, weaethered rock, and biomass/fossil fuels

-6.5, -4, -7, -25

Humans release how many tons of carbon into atmosphere per year

10 gigatons (10 billion tons)

Largest releaser of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide

Electrical power generation, agriculture, agriculture

4 components of Earth system put into a coupler

Land, atmosphere, sea ice, ocean

ESM CESM blah blah blah

idrk study it urself

Last time there was 415ppm in atmosphere and conditions

3.6 million years ago, sea was 15-25m higher

Current percentage of land used for food

40%

HOw many people live within 100 miles of a coastline

3 billion

Anthropocene

Geologic time period of humans because we've changed biomass at such a large rate

GHI

Global hunger index, calclated using child mortality and undernourishment

Reduce the 5 drivers of cimate change

Impose carbon tax, stop fossil fuel subsidies, clean energy sources, better farming practices, low carbon communities

Humans' energy usage rate

20TW per second (20 trillion joules)

How much energy comes from the sun

125000TW continuously (about 6000x what humans need)

Solar panel farms are:

20% efficient, almost 10W/m^2

The largest wind turbine is:

larger than 150m per blade and provides 8MW, or about 6500 houses worth

Wind farms are ideal in

agricultural plains of central US, as the land can be used for toher things while generating 2.5W/m^2

largest renewable energy source:

hydroelectric power

HOw much of global emissions comes from transportation

1/5, can be cut down by using electric vehicles, lighter vehicles, nuclear power

10% of total human greenhouse gas emissions comes from:

cooling/heating old buildings

CCS

Carbon capture and sequestration, strip carbon before fuel is combusted or use chemicals to separate from exhaust