Bio 212L Practical Iowa State University

Gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

Nephron

functional unit of the kidney

Testes

produce sperm and reproductive hormones

Kidney

Filters waste from the blood like urea, water, salt and proteins.

Stomach

Breaks down and digests food

Small Intestine

Absorb nutrients and minerals from food

Liver

Metabolize nutrients; detoxifies

Ovary

Produces eggs and reproductive hormones

Why are intestines so long?

It needs to absorb all minerals and nutrients absorbed with every bite of food we take

Villi and Microvilli

increase surface area for absorption

Esophagus

Conduit for food and liquids that have been swallowed to stomach

Trachea

provides air flow to and from lungs for respiration

Salivary glands

helps break down carbohydrates

Spleen

filter for blood as part of the immune system

Thyroid

metabolism, growth, and development of the human body

Thymus

generate mature T lymphocytes (white blood cells)

Egg pathway leaving the body

ovaries -> oviduct -> uterus -> cervix -> vagina

Sperm pathway leaving the body

testes -> seminiferous -> epididymus -> vas deferens -> urethra

Systolic pressure

when blood pressure is at its highest (1st number)

Diastolic pressure

when blood pressure is at its lowest (2nd number)

Normal BP

Systolic <120
Diastolic <80

Prehypertension BP

Systolic: 120-139
Diastolic: 80-89

High BP

Systolic > 140
Diastolic > 90

Vein color (dissection) and shape

blue; rounded with thicker wall

Artery color (dissection) and shape

red; smaller with odd shape

Umbilical artery

is attached to placenta. The artery takes deoxygenated blood back to mother.

Path of blood from lung -> kidney

Exits lungs -> goes through left atrium to ventricle -> leaves out aorta into kidneys

Path of blood from R. atrium -> head

Leaves R. atrium and enters R. ventricle -> pumped out of heart by pulmonary artery -> lungs to L. atrium -> L. ventricle and out aorta -> enters head

Path of blood from liver -> L. ventricle

Leaves liver and enters atrium -> enters R. ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> through lungs into L. atrium -> into L. ventricle

Erythrocytes

carry oxygen from lungs to body and bring CO2 back to lungs to be expelled.

Leukocytes

protect body against both infectious diseases and foreign invaders

Platelets

react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping; creating a blood clot

heart diagram

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Men: 3.1
Women: 1.9

Tidal Volume (TV)

Men: 0.5
Women: 0.5

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Men: 1.2
Women: 0.7

Vital Capacity (VC)

Men: 5.8
Women: 4.2

Mammal respiratory structure

Have 2 lungs; air is split between lungs by bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli (gas exchange occurs)

Mammal respiratory ventilation

Occurs via respiratory centers in medulla and brainstem

Mammal respiratory delivery to cells

protein inside red blood cells carry O2 to cells and CO2 to lungs

Fish respiratory structure

Gills mediate gas exchange. Located on sides of head

Fish respiratory ventilation

Gills absorb O2 from water

Fish respiratory delivery to cells

O2 itself enters blood and is picked up by hemoglobin -> fishes body

Insect respiratory structure

Air enters through spiracles

Insect respiratory ventilation

Trachea opens to outside through spiracles

Insect respiratory delivery to cells

O2 travels through spiracles then trachea throughout body

Food through pharynx -> esophagus

food enters oropharynx -> laryngopharynx -> esophagus

Air through pharynx -> trachea

larynx

Epiglottis

helps make sure air and food goes down correct pipe

What goes down esophagus?

food

What goes down trachea?

air

Human lung under microscope

Insects have

-spiracles that help O2 reach internal respiratory organs.
-do not have lungs they have trachea

Gills function

-take O2 out of the water. Water leaves gills taking CO2 with it
-have lamellae on filaments

What happens when a fish is on land?

projections on gills that normally float collapses, blocking most surface area

Operculum

a bony flap that covers gills and allows fish to breathe and protects gills.

What happens in operculum is damaged?

the fish could die and not get enough O2

Respiratory system

Glial cells

surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them

Neuron

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

Why is white matter white?

It contains a high concentration of myelin.

What is gray matter gray?

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

How many neuromuscular junctions are there in each muscle cell?

1

With how many muscle cells does a single neuron synapse?

Many

Are muscle cells controlled individually or in groups?

In groups

Patellar reflex

lets doctor's know if signals are being sent to brain

CNS (central nervous system)

controls reflexes. Reflexes are involuntary.

Sympathetic nerves

stimulate body's fight-or-flight response

Spinal nerves

carries motor, sensory, and automatic signals between spinal cord and body

Meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord; also protects CNS

Ventral roots

carries neural signals away from CNS

Dorsal roots

transmits sensory info

Cerebrum function

thought and action

Cerebellum function

receives info from sensory systems and spinal cord. Motor movements.

Medulla Oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

Optic chiasma

aid binocular vision and eye-hand coordination

Olfactory bulb

receives neural input about odors detected by cells in the nasal cavity

Pupil

absorbs light rays

Cornea

acts as eye's outermost lens. Controls and focuses entry of light into eye

Lens

change focal distances of eye to see things at different distances

Optic nerve

transfer visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses

Optic disc

axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. Entry point for major blood vessels

Retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. Can detect dim light. 1 type

Cones

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. 3 types.

Blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

Why don't you normally see blind spots?

Your brain fills blind spot by painting in surroundings

After image

an image that remains after a stimulus is removed, especially one in which the colors are reversed

Optical illusion

misinterpretation of a visual stimulus

Bleached cones

see opposite color

Stare at red color

see blue

Stare at blue color

see orange

Stare at green color

see purple

Eye diagram

Brain diagram

Smooth muscle cells

-Involuntary, non-striated muscle.
-single nucleus
-unbranched
-located in intestines, arteries, other
-move food, help regulate blood pressure, etc.

Cardiac muscle cells

-involuntary, striated muscle.
-1 or 2 nuclei
-branched
-located in heart
-pump blood