Bio 212L Practical Iowa State University

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136 Terms

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Gallbladder

stores and concentrates bile

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Nephron

functional unit of the kidney

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Testes

produce sperm and reproductive hormones

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Kidney

Filters waste from the blood like urea, water, salt and proteins.

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Stomach

Breaks down and digests food

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Small Intestine

Absorb nutrients and minerals from food

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Liver

Metabolize nutrients; detoxifies

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Ovary

Produces eggs and reproductive hormones

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Why are intestines so long?

It needs to absorb all minerals and nutrients absorbed with every bite of food we take

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Villi and Microvilli

increase surface area for absorption

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Esophagus

Conduit for food and liquids that have been swallowed to stomach

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Trachea

provides air flow to and from lungs for respiration

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Salivary glands

helps break down carbohydrates

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Spleen

filter for blood as part of the immune system

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Thyroid

metabolism, growth, and development of the human body

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Thymus

generate mature T lymphocytes (white blood cells)

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Egg pathway leaving the body

ovaries -> oviduct -> uterus -> cervix -> vagina

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Sperm pathway leaving the body

testes -> seminiferous -> epididymus -> vas deferens -> urethra

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Systolic pressure

when blood pressure is at its highest (1st number)

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Diastolic pressure

when blood pressure is at its lowest (2nd number)

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Normal BP

Systolic <120
Diastolic <80

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Prehypertension BP

Systolic: 120-139
Diastolic: 80-89

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High BP

Systolic > 140
Diastolic > 90

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Vein color (dissection) and shape

blue; rounded with thicker wall

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Artery color (dissection) and shape

red; smaller with odd shape

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Umbilical artery

is attached to placenta. The artery takes deoxygenated blood back to mother.

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Path of blood from lung -> kidney

Exits lungs -> goes through left atrium to ventricle -> leaves out aorta into kidneys

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Path of blood from R. atrium -> head

Leaves R. atrium and enters R. ventricle -> pumped out of heart by pulmonary artery -> lungs to L. atrium -> L. ventricle and out aorta -> enters head

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Path of blood from liver -> L. ventricle

Leaves liver and enters atrium -> enters R. ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> through lungs into L. atrium -> into L. ventricle

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Erythrocytes

carry oxygen from lungs to body and bring CO2 back to lungs to be expelled.

<p>carry oxygen from lungs to body and bring CO2 back to lungs to be expelled.</p>
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Leukocytes

protect body against both infectious diseases and foreign invaders

<p>protect body against both infectious diseases and foreign invaders</p>
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Platelets

react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping; creating a blood clot

<p>react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping; creating a blood clot</p>
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heart diagram

knowt flashcard image
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Men: 3.1
Women: 1.9

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Tidal Volume (TV)

Men: 0.5
Women: 0.5

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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Men: 1.2
Women: 0.7

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Vital Capacity (VC)

Men: 5.8
Women: 4.2

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Mammal respiratory structure

Have 2 lungs; air is split between lungs by bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli (gas exchange occurs)

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Mammal respiratory ventilation

Occurs via respiratory centers in medulla and brainstem

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Mammal respiratory delivery to cells

protein inside red blood cells carry O2 to cells and CO2 to lungs

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Fish respiratory structure

Gills mediate gas exchange. Located on sides of head

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Fish respiratory ventilation

Gills absorb O2 from water

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Fish respiratory delivery to cells

O2 itself enters blood and is picked up by hemoglobin -> fishes body

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Insect respiratory structure

Air enters through spiracles

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Insect respiratory ventilation

Trachea opens to outside through spiracles

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Insect respiratory delivery to cells

O2 travels through spiracles then trachea throughout body

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Food through pharynx -> esophagus

food enters oropharynx -> laryngopharynx -> esophagus

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Air through pharynx -> trachea

larynx

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Epiglottis

helps make sure air and food goes down correct pipe

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What goes down esophagus?

food

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What goes down trachea?

air

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Human lung under microscope

knowt flashcard image
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Insects have

-spiracles that help O2 reach internal respiratory organs.
-do not have lungs they have trachea

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Gills function

-take O2 out of the water. Water leaves gills taking CO2 with it
-have lamellae on filaments

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What happens when a fish is on land?

projections on gills that normally float collapses, blocking most surface area

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Operculum

a bony flap that covers gills and allows fish to breathe and protects gills.

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What happens in operculum is damaged?

the fish could die and not get enough O2

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Respiratory system

knowt flashcard image
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Glial cells

surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them

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Neuron

a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.

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Why is white matter white?

It contains a high concentration of myelin.

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What is gray matter gray?

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

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How many neuromuscular junctions are there in each muscle cell?

1

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With how many muscle cells does a single neuron synapse?

Many

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Are muscle cells controlled individually or in groups?

In groups

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Patellar reflex

lets doctor's know if signals are being sent to brain

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CNS (central nervous system)

controls reflexes. Reflexes are involuntary.

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Sympathetic nerves

stimulate body's fight-or-flight response

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Spinal nerves

carries motor, sensory, and automatic signals between spinal cord and body

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Meninges

three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord; also protects CNS

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Ventral roots

carries neural signals away from CNS

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Dorsal roots

transmits sensory info

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Cerebrum function

thought and action

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Cerebellum function

receives info from sensory systems and spinal cord. Motor movements.

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Medulla Oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

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Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

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Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

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Pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

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Optic chiasma

aid binocular vision and eye-hand coordination

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Olfactory bulb

receives neural input about odors detected by cells in the nasal cavity

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Pupil

absorbs light rays

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Cornea

acts as eye's outermost lens. Controls and focuses entry of light into eye

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Lens

change focal distances of eye to see things at different distances

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Optic nerve

transfer visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses

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Optic disc

axons of retinal ganglion cells come together. Entry point for major blood vessels

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Retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

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Rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. Can detect dim light. 1 type

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Cones

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. 3 types.

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Blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

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Why don't you normally see blind spots?

Your brain fills blind spot by painting in surroundings

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After image

an image that remains after a stimulus is removed, especially one in which the colors are reversed

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Optical illusion

misinterpretation of a visual stimulus

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Bleached cones

see opposite color

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Stare at red color

see blue

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Stare at blue color

see orange

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Stare at green color

see purple

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Eye diagram

knowt flashcard image
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Brain diagram

knowt flashcard image
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Smooth muscle cells

-Involuntary, non-striated muscle.
-single nucleus
-unbranched
-located in intestines, arteries, other
-move food, help regulate blood pressure, etc.

<p>-Involuntary, non-striated muscle.<br>-single nucleus <br>-unbranched<br>-located in intestines, arteries, other<br>-move food, help regulate blood pressure, etc.</p>
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Cardiac muscle cells

-involuntary, striated muscle.
-1 or 2 nuclei
-branched
-located in heart
-pump blood

<p>-involuntary, striated muscle.<br>-1 or 2 nuclei<br>-branched <br>-located in heart<br>-pump blood</p>