Japanese Imperialism 1.1

Meijii Restoration

industrialization of Japan
and reinstatement of the emperor into power

Commodore Perry

American naval officer who came to Japan and forced them to open up to Western trade and influence

Gunboat Diplomacy

A demand to be diplomatic backed by a threat of force.

Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)

Ended Japan's 200 year isolationism and secured American consulates and trading ports in Japan.

Most favourable nation clause

Any deal offered to a country has to also be offered to the most favourable nation

Feudalism

A system of government based on a heirarchy of landowners

Patriotism

Devotion to a country

Nationalism

Excessive, or aggressive, patriotism

The First Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)

Conflict between China and Japan for control of Korea in the late 19th century. Japan also gained Taiwan, the Pescadore Islands and the Liaodong peninsula (Port Arthur). Ended by the Treaty of Shimonoseki in 1895.

The Triple Intervention (1895)

Western response to the Treaty of Shimonoseki, forcing a truce. Russia, France and Germany intervened and pressured Japan to give the Liaodong Peninsula back to China (under de facto Russian control), before helping themselves to the occupied territories.

Autharky

to be able to supply yourself as a nation

Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)

First equal alliance between a Western and non- Western country. Naval agreement.

The Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)

The first time in modern history an Asian power humbled a European nation. Ended with The Treaty of Porthsmouth in 1905.

The Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)

Ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905); signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize).
- Japan gained Korea and southern Sakhalin island + railway rights in Manchuria

Amur River Society

Japanese organization working to keep Russians north of the Amur river.

creditor nation

country which is owed more money by other countries than it owes other countries

Racial Equality Clause

Japan asked for all races to be treated equally, but was denied by the league of nations.

Taisho Democracy

New political idea in Japan where experience was valued higher than birthright. Limited voting rights instilled.

Ratify

to make a treaty/law official, and thus take effect

21 Demands

a list of demands that sought to make China a Japanese protectorate

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Suspended Chinese immigration into America. In effect until WWII. Was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group.

Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)

US would not limit Japanese immigration and pressure states to not segregate Japanese immigrants. Japan would not encourage US immigration. Deal never ratified.

1924 Immigration Act (Johnson-Reed Act)

Completely banned Japanese citizens from emigrating to the US

Diet

The Japanese parliament

Shidehara Kijuro

Foreign minister between 1924-27 & 1929-31. Known for the peaceful foreign policy followed by Japan in the 1920s (usually referred to as Shidehara diplomacy).

Takashi Hara

First commoner to serve as Japan's PM. Instated massive social and industrial reforms. Constrained the Imperial army.

Peace Preservation Law (1925)

Gave Tokyo police the authority to arrest anyone suspected of being an anti-capitalist and/or a threat to the state. Primarily directed at the communist party.

Washington Naval Treaty System

Treaties limiting the naval arms race between Western powers and Japan. Three separate treaties.

Four-Power Treaty (1921)

Treaty between the US, Great Britain, France, and Japan to maintain the status quo in the South Pacific.

Five-Power Treaty (1922)

Naval limitation treaty, signed by the U.S., GBR, JAP, FR, and IT. Ratio: 5 - 5 - 3 - 1,67 - 1,67.

Nine-Power Treaty (1922)

Treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China. Initiated the "Open Door Policy" in China.

Shōwa Period

The 63 year period when Emperor Hirohito ruled

1924 Immigration Act

Set quotas that favored immigration from northern and western Europe. Attempt to keep America WASP.

The Warlord Era (1916-1928)

Period of great unrest and fragmentation of China. Regions ruled by local warlords. Ended in 1928 when Jiang Jieshi unified China under a single (although dysfunctional) government.

League of Nations

an international organization formed to promote peace among nations

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Economic collapse that ruined everything