Descriptive Chemistry

scandium (Sc)

-some similar chemistry to Mg

-no d-electrons in ions: colorless and diamagnetic

-Common O.S.= 0, +3

titanium (Ti)

-common O.S.=0, +4

-structurally strong, very lightweight metal

-TiO₂ is very white: used as a brightener in paint and paper

Vanadium (V)

-most common O.S.= 0, +5

-used in alloys to strengthen material

-toxic

Niobium (Nb)

material interest for super conductors

Chromium (Cr)

-common O.S.= 0, +3, +4, +6

-first family with multiple oxidation states found in nature

-toxic

Molybdenum (Mo) and Tungsten (X)

-biologically important for enzymes, pigments

-W has a very high melting point

-used for light bulb filaments, heat lamps

Manganese (Mn)

-has the most oxidation states of row transition metals

-not found in nature as a pure metal— always in ore

-used as a catalyst, in alkaline batteries, strengthening component in steel, and as a cofactors to many enzymes

-permanganates (Mn with alkali metals or alkaline earths eg. KMnO4) are very strong oxidizing agents

Technetium (Tc)

-lightest radioactive element (a beta emitter)

-only man made

iron (Fe)

-O.S.= +2 to +6 (most common +2 and +3)

-major component of steel

-most common element on earth by mass

-biological importance for oxygen transport in vertebrates, redox enzymes

Cobalt (Co)

-beautiful blue color for glass, dyes

-very rare to find pure

-most common in ores

Rhobidium (Rh)

-hard, corrosion resistant, chemically inert

-very rare

-excellent for planting jewelry

Iridium (Ir)

rare

Nickel (Ni)

-stable, less reactive metals

-good catalyst

-used for coins, batteries, corrosion preventers

Platinum (Pt)

-stable, less reactive metals

-good catalyst

-rare, very unreactive, corrosion resistant

-used for inert electrodes, jewelry

Copper (Cu)

-excellent conductor of electricity, durable

-Alloys: Cu/Sn and Cu/Zn

Silver (Ag)

-has the highest thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and reflectivity

-more abundant than Au (but, more of it is naturally occurring as ores and oxidizes more than Au)

-tarnishes from contact with sulfur

Gold (Au)

-very unreactive, even to most acids

-most malleable metal

-used for jewelry, currency, etc

Zinc (Zn)

-corrosion resistant

-toxic

Cadmium (Cd)

-toxic

-common O.S.=+2

-used in batteries

Mercury (Hg)

-only metal liquid at room temperature

-also toxic (based on dose)

Hydrogen (H)

-lightest element

-small, low IMFs, liquifies at 20k

-non-metal

Alkali Metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)

-common O.S.= +1

-highly reactive

-react vigorously with water to make H₂ gas

-react with oxygen to form: oxides, peroxides, superoxides

Beryllium (Be)

-O.S.= +2

-low density, low melting and boiling points, low solubility, form basic oxides

- smaller, harder, higher melting point, higher ionization energy, more covalent bonding, less reactive than family members, amphoteric oxide

Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca)

-O.S.= +2

-low density, low melting and boiling points, low solubility, form basic oxides

-lower solubility=hard water