Atlantic Migrations

The vast majority of Colonial America were from:

northern Europe, and the British Isles, especially Ireland

In the 2nd half of the 19th century, and until 1920, the large majority of immigrants came from:

 ^^southern, central, and eastern Europe^^

During the pre- Civil War era, over 3,500,000 arrived in the U.S., the two largest groups of immigrants during that time came from:

Germany and Ireland

The vast majority of Irish immigrants were of which religion?

Catholic

The Irish were subjected to considerable intolerance based upon certain presumptions about:

%%Catholicism%% and alleged predisposition to %%drinking%% & %%fighting%%

The Irish eventually came to ______ the hierarchy of the Catholic Church in the U.S., including presently

dominate

Most German Immigrants came for ____ reasons to the U.S., though some came seeking ______ during the late 1840's and late 1930's.

economic; political refuge

German Immigrants were equally which two religions?

Catholic and Protestant

To avoid identification and ostracism, some germans:

anglicized their names. (ex.; Schmidt to Smith, Eisenhauer, to Eisenhower)

Unlike their Japanese American counterparts, German Americans never experienced:

any large scale roundups from any centers of population, or internment

White ethnic immigrants from @@southern@@ and @@eastern@@ Europe established:

"nationality" communities (ex, Little Italy, Russian Town, The Ghetto) = places in their minds

The Italians, like many who came from Eastern Europe, had been:

farm laborers

90% of the Italian immigrants settled in cities, engaging in occupations ranging from:

**pick** and **shovel** work to **shoemaking**, and **barbering**.

Contary to many European immigrants, many Italians went to the U.S. in search of:

work to earn money to send home to their families, and to support themselves and their families when they returned to Italy. __Many came back and forth to the U.S.__

_______, like many other immigrants from **southern, central, and eastern Europe**, represented some of the most impoverished peoples from on the continent of Europe.

Italians

Most came as labor migrants to _________,__ many, especially from ____ and _____ with every intention to go home

work in the expanding industries of this country; %%southern Italy and Sicily%%

Immigrant women’s greatest challenges were:

socializing, schooling, and career choices outside of homemaking.

Not all conflicts were related to gender. Learning a new _______ was one of the immigrants biggest hurdles.

language

Also, as immigrants improved their economic and social positions, they often moved:

"==uptown==", leaving their older neighborhoods to later arrivals. (Like Boyle Heights in East L.A.,the community has served as home for Russian, Jewish, Japanese, and most recently Mexican immigrants.)

200,000 Jewish, and mostly ____ and ______ refugees, including a number of scientists, professionals, artists, and intellectuals %%managed to acquire visas to enter the U.S%%.

German and Austrian

The vast majority of ordinary European Jews in flight from Germany and Nazi occupied lands were _____________, and sent back to their eventual death in Nazi concentration camps.

barred from entry into the U.S.

As early as 1654 Jewish refugees from Brazil, settled in what later would become _______

New York

Many of the Jewish immigrants from Europe were ________, and @@held on to their religious beliefs@@

economically impoverished

Jews’ attire, uniqueness of their customs, the strangeness of their language (Yiddish), and their religion all combined to perceive them as:

@@clannish@@, and mysterious people to be @@feared@@, and @@discriminated@@ against.

The Jewish are an _____ **AND** _____ group

ethnic and religious

What ethnic group makes the most money and has the highest education level?

The Jewish

An example of our Eurocentric view of United States and World History is:

Our tendency to focus only on the Ellis Island and the Atlantic migrations to the U.S. Due to the East to West **Historical Binary Model**, we ==exclude the Angel Island and the Pacific, and southern boundary migration to the U.S==

The large diversity of people of color besides the "nonwhite" and nonblack has played into the long held views of:

nativism and xenophobia

The migrating people of the **Pacific Rim** have **physical characteristics** that set them apart, and made special targets for those who feared:

“the Yellow Peril”

What is the largest ethnic group outside of America (==Largest Minority Group==)?

The Latino community

What group is the largest social minority?

African Americans

A racial color metaphor that depicts peoples of the East, and Southeast Asia as an existential danger to Western culture, and philosophy:

Yellow Peril

From 1910 to 1940 ________ served as an **immigration** station @@processing mainly Asian immigrants@@ from many countries, approximately one million being Chinese immigrants.

Angel Island

The main purpose of the Angel island immigration station was to:

**investigate** Chinese who had been denied entry to the U.S., due to the ==Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.==

When did the first Chinese come to the U.S.?

During the Gold Rush Days

In the years following the Civil War, ____ migration increased by 1880. There were about 320,00 living in the U.S., mainly in the West Coast, as _______. Contracted to %%**work off debt repayment (**didn’t come here voluntarily)%%

Chinese; indentured servants

The first Japanese settlers came to the Pacific Shores in the year:

1869

The large migration of Japanese took place 10 years **after**:

the Chinese Exclusion Act

Causes of Sino-Japanese wars:

* conflict between Japan and China for supremacy over Korea
* Japanese imperialistic expansion
* Influence in Chinese territory

Japanese Immigration was greatly reduced due to:

President Theodore Roosevelt's "Gentlemen's Agreement"

The Chinese, though also in living enclaves, fought:

ghetto existence and assimilation