Bio 122- Reproductive System (Exam #2)

Prostate

will eventually become a problem, most are lucky to just pass before then

on next exam

 will be questions on anatomy, labeling too  ( the image on test will be one or a few on the slideshow) (don’t worry about top view, i think its the second one)

The fructose

sugar (in this context, it is basically food for sperm

Spermatogenesis

beginning of meiosis (male puberty, 12-13)

All humans start with

proto vaginal structure,

in males, proto vaginal structure

fuses in the middle, causes seem

The amount of testosterone that develops and goes decided the gender

Because eggs are developed while the baby is still inside the mothers

 the eggs the baby develops were actually offspring choices for the mother 

Males do have mammary glands, but

they only work in females.

mammary glands,

modified sweat glands that allow for milk feeding 

Don't worry about slide before the female sex hormones,

that anatomy will not be tested on 

cervical mucus thickness

 prepare to seal off uterus if zygote happens  

Irritable male syndrome

likely a pseudoscience

The functions of the sex cells

•Production of gametes

•Fertilization

•Development and nourishment of new individuals

•Production of sex hormones

Formation of Sex Cells

Gametes form from Meiosis

Gametes

-  sex cells

  -  sperm in males

  -  oocytes (eggs) in females

oocytes

eggs

Meiosis

special type of cell division that leads to formation of sex cells

special type of cell division that leads to formation of sex cells

23 chromosomes

•Fertilization:

union of sperm and oocyte

•Zygote:

-  what develops after fertilization

  -  develops into an embryo 3-14 days after

       fertilization

•Embryo:

14-56 days after fertilization

•Fetus:

56 days after fertilization

The functions of Male Reproductive System

•Produce sperm cells (sex cells)

•Produce male sex hormones

•Transfer sperm cells to female

Male Reproductive Organs

Scrotum

Testes

Epididymis

Ductus deferens

Scrotum

contains testes

Scrotum

dartos muscle that moves scrotum and testes

-  close to and away from body depending on temp.

Scrotum

sperm must develop at temp

less than body temp

Testes

-  primary male reproductive organ

Testes

-produce 

sperm

Testes

located in

scrotum

Testes

contain seminiferous tubules: 

where sperm is produced

Testes

  -  contain interstitial cells: 

secrete testosterone

Testes

contain germ cells

begin of sperm cell

Testes

-  contain Sustentacular cells

nourish germ cells and produce hormones

Epididymis is

thread-like tubules on side of each testis

Epididymis

where seminiferous tubules

empty new sperm

Epididymis

where sperm continue to mature develop

ability to swim and bind to oocytes

•Ductus deferens:

“vas deferens”

Ductus deferens

extends from

epididymis and joins seminal vesicle

Ductus deferens:

is _______

cut during a vasectomy

Urethra

extends from urinary bladder to end of penis

  -  passageway for urine and male reproductive

     fluids (not at same time)

Penis

-  corporus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, spongy urethra

•3 columns of erectile tissue

•fill with blood for erection

•transfer sperm from male to female

•excrete urine

Glands

•Seminal Vesicles

Prostate gland

Bulbourethral gland

Seminal Vesicles

  next to ductus deferens help form ejaculatory duct

•Prostate gland:

-  surrounds urethra

  -  size of a walnut

•Bulbourethral gland:

small mucus secreting glands near base of prostate gland

Secretions

Semen

-  mixture of sperm and secretions from glands

Secretions

Semen provide

a transport medium and nutrients that

       protect and activate sperm

Secretions

Semen

60% of fluid is from

seminal vesicles

Secretions

Semen

30% of fluid is from

prostate gland

Secretions

Semen

-  5% of fluid is from

and -  5% of fluid is from

bulbourethral gland

testes

Seminal vesicles

provide

fructose

•Seminal vesicles:

 contain prostaglandins

which decrease mucus

       thickness around cervix and uterine tubes and  help sperm move through female repro. tract

Seminal vesicles

contains coagulants that

help deliver semen into female

•Prostate gland:

contains enzymes to liquefy semen after it is

       inside female

  -  neutralizes acidity of vagina

•Bulbourethral gland:

  neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina

•Testicular secretions:

include sperm and small amount of fluid

Testicular secretions

___of semen is ejaculated each time

•2-5 ml

Testicular secretions

1 ml of semen contains

•100 million sperm

•Testicular secretions:

Sperm can live for_________ once inside female

72 hours

path of sperm

Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules (testes)

path of sperm

2

Epididymis (mature)

path of sperm

3

Ductus deferens

path of sperm

4

Receive secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

path of sperm

5

Urethra where semen (sperm) exit body

Spermatogenesis

-  formation of sperm cells

  -  begins at puberty

Spermatogenesis

-  interstitial cells

 (in semin. tubules) increase in

       number and size

Spermatogenesis

___________enlarge

seminiferous tubules

Spermatogenesis

-  seminiferous tubules produce _________ and

   ___________

germ cells,     Sustentacular cells

Production of Sperm Cells

1.

germ cells

Production of Sperm Cells

2

spermatogonia

Production of Sperm Cells

3.

primary spermatocytes

Production of Sperm Cells

4.

secondary spermatocytes

Production of Sperm Cells

5

spermatids

Production of Sperm Cells

sperm cells

Sperm cell production

1. Spermatogonium (germ cell)

Spermatogonia are the cells from which sperm cells arise. The spermatogonia divide by mitosis.

One daughter cell remains a spermatogonium that can divide again by mitosis.

One daughter cell becomes a primary spermatocyte.

Sperm cell production

2. First meiotic division

The primary spermatocyte

divides by meiosis to form secondary spermatocytes.

Sperm cell production

3 second meiotic division

The secondary spermatocyte divide by meiosis to form spermatids

Sperm cell production

4. Spermatid becoming a sperm cell

The spermatids differentiate to form sperm cells.

Sperm Cells Structure

head 

contain a nucleus and DNA

Sperm Cells Structure

midpiece

contain mitochondria

Sperm Cells Structure

•Tail:

  flagellum for movement

Male Sex Hormones

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

source:  hypothalamus

function: stimulates secretion of LH and FSH

Male Sex Hormones

LH (luteinizing)

source: anterior pituitary gland

function: stimulates secretion of testosterone

Male Sex Hormones:

FSH

(follicle-stimulating)

Source: anterior pituitary gland

function: prompts spermatogenesis

Male Sex Hormones

Testosterone

source: interstitial cells in testes

function: involved in development and maintenance of reproductive

  organs

Male Puberty

•What is it?

sequence of events in which a boy begins to

       produce male hormones and sperm cells

Male Puberty begins at _______ and ends around _______

12-14, 18

during Male Puberty -  testosterone is

major male hormone

Male Puberty

-  secondary sexual characteristics develop:

Ex.  Skin texture, fat distribution, hair growth,

      skeletal muscle growth, and larynx changes

Functions of Female Reproductive System

•Produce female oocytes (sex cells)

•Produce female sex hormones

•Receive sperm from males

•Develop and nourish embryos

External Female Genitalia

•Vulva:

-  external female sex organs

  -  mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris,

       and vestibule

External Female Genitalia

•Mons pubis: 

fatty layer of skin covering pubic symphysis

External Female Genitalia
•Labia majora: 

-  larger, outer folds of skin

  -  equivalent to male scrotum

External Female Genitalia

•Labia minora:

thin, inner folds of skin

•Clitoris: 

  -  small erectile structure located in vestibule

  -  equivalent to male penis

•Prepuce:

where 2 labia minora unite over clitoris

•Vestibule: 

space in which vagina and urethra are located  

Female Reproductive Organs

•Ovaries:

  -  primary female reproductive organ

  -  produces oocytes and sex hormones

  -  one on either side of uterus