Gross Anatomy - Introduction

Anatomical position

standing erect, face and eyes forward, upper limbs at side with palms forward, lower limbs together with feet forward

Planes

Median, Sagittal, Coronal, Horizontal

Median Plane

Longitudinal down the midline dividing body into left and right halves

Sagittal Plane

Any plane parallel to median

Coronal Plane

Longitudinal, divides the body into front and back

Horizontal Plane

Divides body into top and bottom

Also called transverse or (trans)axial

Terms to indicate depth

superficial, intermediate, deep

Terms to indicate proximity to median plane

Medial (closer to median plane), Lateral (further from median plane)

Terms to indicate Distance from origin (limbs)

Proximal (closer to origin), distal (further from origin)

Terms to indicate relative sides on a coronal plane (common)

Anterior or ventral (front), Posterior or dorsal (back)

Terms to indicate relative sides on a horizontal plane

Superior or cranial or cephalic (closer to top of head), Inferior or caudal (close to feet)

Terms to indicate sides of hands

Palmar (palm side), and dorsal (back of hand)

Terms to indicate sides of feet

Plantar (sole side), and dorsal (top of foot)

Terms to indicate distance from median plane (upper limbs only)

Radial (further from median plane), Ulnar (closer to median plane)

Terms to indicate distance from median plane (lower limbs only)

Fibular or peroneal (further from median plane), Tibial (closer to median plane)

Terms to indicate relative sides on a coronal plane (uncommon)

Flexor or palmar or volar (near front), extensor (near back)

Bilateral

Same Structure, opposite side

Ipsilateral

Different Structure, same side

Contralateral

Different Structure, opposite side

Unilateral

Occurring on one side

Body of a bone

Principal mass of bone (shaft in long bones)

Condyle

Rounded articular (joint) area

Epicondyle

("upon"-condyle) Eminence around condyle

Fossa

Hollow or depressed area

Sulcus

Elongated depression (groove)

Head of bone

Large round articular end

Neck of bone

narrow portion near head

Tubercle

Small raised eminence

Cappitulum

Small, rounded articular head

Groove

Elongated Depression

Trochlea

Spool-like articular process or pulley-acting process

Tuberosity

Large, rounded elevation

Facet

Smooth, flat articulating area

Notch

indentation at edge of bone

Process

Extension/projection out of a bone

Spine

Thorn-like process

Crest

Ridge of bone

Foramen

Opening through bone

Hiatus

Hollow gap between bony formations

Line (bone)

Linear elevation sometimes called a ridge

Malleolus

Rounded process

Trochanter

Large, blunt elevation

Protuberance

Bulge or projection of bone

Types of joints

Synarthroses (little to no movement) and Diarthroses (moderate to free movement)

Types of Synarthroses

Cartilaginous and Fibrous

Cartilaginous

stabilized by more flexible fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

Fibrous

Stabilized by special dense connective tissue

Type of Diathrose

Synovial

Synovial

Contain several elements specialized for movement

Articular cartilage

Lines articular surface

Articular capsule

connective tissue enclosing joint

Synovial membrane

Thin internal layer of capsule

Synovial fluid

Lubricating fluid produced from synovial cells

Ligaments

bone-to-bone attachments

Capsular

Thickening of capsule

Extracapsular

Separate from capsule

Elements of Synovial Joints (universal)

Articular cartilage, articular capsule (including synovial membrane and synovial fluid), ligaments, blood vessels, and sensory nerves

Elements of synovial Joints (specific)

Discs (menisci), labrum, fat pads, bursae, and pilcae

Discs (menisci)

fibrocartilage between articular surfaces

Labrum

Fibrocartilage on bony rims

Fat pads

Usually fill spaces between synovial membrane and external capsule

Bursae

Outpouching of synovial membrane and external capsule

Pilcae

Overlapping pleats of synovial membrane

types of synovial joints based on shape

Ovoid, Saddle, Plane

Ovoid

Type of synovial joint: 1 bone is convex and 1 bone is concave

Saddle

Type of synovial joint: both boths are convex and concave

Plane joint

Type of synovial joint: both bones are relatively flat

Origin vs insertion

Muscle attachment: Origin=bone doesn't move when contracted, Insertion=bone moves

Medial vs lateral

Medial=towards the median plane, lateral=away

Proximal vs distal

Proximal=closer to limb origin, distal=away

Cranial vs caudal

Cranial=superior, caudal=inferior

Types of muscle actions

Agonist, antagonist, synergist, stabilizer

Agonist

Muscle action: prime movement executer

Antagonist

Muscle action: opposes agonist

Synergist

Muscle action: Assists agonists

Stabilizer

Muscle action: steadies segments

Flexion vs Extension vs Hyperextension

Flexion: bending of a joint

Extension: straightening of a joint

Hyperextension: extension of a body part to the maximum level or even beyond the normal range of motion

Opposition vs Reposition

Opp - Pinching fingers together

Rep - Hand back in original position

Supination vs Pronation

supination - uncrossing of radius and ulna (palm up)

Pronation - crossing of radius and ulna (palm down)

Dorsiflexion vs plantarflexion

Foot up and foot down

Inversion vs Eversion

Eversion - sole of foot moved away from median plane

Inversion - sole of foot moved toward median plane

Abduction vs Adduction

Abduction - movement away from median plane

Adduction - movement toward median plane

Internal Rotation vs External rotation

Internal Rotation - anterior surface of limb moves toward the median plane

External Rotation - anterior surface of the limb moves away from the median plane

Abduction vs adduction in extremities

Abduction - spreading out of fingers or toes

Adduction - coming together of fingers

Lateral vs medial abduction in extremities

Moving a finger or tow to come together with the one laterally or medially from it

Lateral Flexion

Bending of neck or trunk to the right or left

Rotation

Turning of the head, neck, or trunk

Circumduction

Circular movement of a part (think ankle rotations)

Elevation vs depression

Elevation - raising a part

Depression - lowering a part

Retrusion vs protrusion

Retrusion - Posterior movement (of jaw)

Protrusion - Anterior movement

Protraction vs Retraction

Protraction - anterior movement from anatomical position

Retraction - posterior movement from anatomical

Fascia

Masses of connective Tissue

Superficial vs deep fascia

Sup - deep to skin containing fat (aka hypodermis or subcutaneous tissue)

Deep - deep to fat paralleling skin (closest to muscle)

Investing Fascia

Surrounds muscles

Sheaths

Type of investing fascia surrounding vessels and nerves

Septa

Thick fascia attached to bone compartmentalizing muscle

Retinaculum

Fascial thickening to prevent tendon bowstring (writst)

Aponeurosis

Tendon-like fascial thickenings (aka ligaments, visceral fascia)

Cardiovascular system function

Circulate blood: carries nutrients, oxygen, hormones and regulates heat.

Blood vessels

Arteries and veins