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13th Amendment passed and signed by Lincoln
January 1865
Establishment of the Freedmen’s Bureau
March 1865
Andrew Johnson succeeded Abraham Lincoln
April 1865
Presidential Proclamations on Reconstruction
May 1865
Johnson ordered Howard (Freedman’s Bureau) to return 450,000 acres confiscated by Treasury Dept
June 1865
Ordered Howard to revoke circular 13
July 1865
Connecticut, Wisconsin and Minnesota referendums on extending suffrage to African-Americans. Rejected.
October - November 1865
Mississippi and South Carolina introduce ‘Black codes’
November 1865
Carl Schurz Report on the Situation in the South
November 1865
39th Congress convened
Dec 1865
President Address to Congress ‘Restoration’ complete
Dec 1865
President Address to Congress ‘Restoration’ complete.
Dec 1865
Edward McPherson, clerk of the House read the roll call of Southern representatives not seated. Schulyer Colfax (Republican) elected speaker
Dec 1865
Thaddeus Stevens proposed Joint Committee on Reconstruction. Adopted and a 15-man committee established. 12 Republicans and 3 Democrats. William Pitt Fessenden chairman.
Dec 1865
Governor Perry, South Carolina: “this is a white man’s government”
Dec 1865
Thaddeus Stevens’ reply to Perry, “This is not a white man’s government'“
Dec 1865
Charles Sumner, “Liberty has been won. The battle for equality is still pending”
Dec 1865
27/36 had ratified the 13th amendment by the end of this month
Dec 1865
Lyman Trumbull help to draft Freedman’s Extension Bill and Civil Rights Bill. Sent Johnson copies of both bills.
jan 1866
House and Senate passed Freedman’s Bureau with only a single
jan 1866
Johnson vetoed Freedman’s Bureau bill
Feb 19th 1866
Trumbull: “I thought in advocating it that I was acting in harmony with the views of the President”
feb 1866
Montgomery Ledger, “The south and the government are in the same boat one more time, thank the Gods”
feb 1866
Washington’s Bday celebration
22nd feb 1866
William Pitt Fessenden, “the long agony is over. He has broken the faith betrayed his trust, and must now sink from detestation into contempt”
feb 1866
Civil Rights Bill passed
march 1866
altercation in Memphis between African American Union soldiers and policemen
April 30th 1866
Memphis ‘Riots’
May 1-3 1866
Elihu Washburne - led a congressional investigation. Whites treat Civil Rights Bill “as a dead letter”
may 1866
joint committee on reconstruction took evidence from Custer on violence inflicted on Union soldiers and freed people in Texas
may 1866
Joint Committee suggested a new constitutional Amendment
may 1866
Congress debates the shape of a 14th Amendment. Issue of Black Suffrage divided the Republicans
June 1866
Governor Wells of Louisiana called for a constitutional convention to meet in New Orleans. Suggested that Blacks with property and intelligence should be allowed to vote
July 1866
Henry Warmouth “he intended to beat the rebels and keep them from power” (about Wells)
July 1866
New Orleans Crescent : “it is our general belief, fixed and unalterable, that this country was discovered by white men, [peopled by white men, defended by white men, and owned by white men, and it is our settled purpose that none now but white men shall participate in its government”
July 1866
Mayor John T. Monroe of New Orleans, Louisiana, ordered police to attack a gathering of Black and White Republicans who were meeting to discuss Black suffrage.
July 30 1866
New Orleans Riots
July 30 1866
Andrew Johnson called on Phillip Sheridan to suppress the illegal meeting (republicans meeting in New Orleans to discuss black suffrage)
Son of former Hannibal Hamlin, who was in New Orleans spoke of “wholesale slaughter”
Edwin Stanton said Andrew Johnson’s policy was the cause
July 1866
Johnson, with an eye on November election, sought to revive the National Union Party as an alliance between northern Democrats and Conservative Republicans
Aug 1866
Rally in Philadelphia
Aug 14th 1866
RadRepubs saw Seward’s hand in the scheme to rupture the Republican Party
Aug 1866
3 cabinet members resigned
aug 1866
Strong described the convention as consisting of “Rebels and Copperheads mostly”
Aug 1866
Nathan Bedford Forrest nominated for VP and Clement Vallandingham wanted a seat at the national table.
aug 1866
Johnson declared that the Civil war was at an end
aug 20th 1866
on pretext of layer cornerstone in Chicago for a monument to Stephen Douglas, Johnson began what came to be seen as “Andy’s Swing around the Circle”. Generally viewed as an attempt to win support for “My policy” as he described Presidential Reconstruction, exploit divisions within the Republicans over the issue of AA suffrage and FG interference with the rights of Southern States, and to win support in the coming mid-term elections
Provoked increasing hostility from audiences he addressed. Calls for “Grant! Grant!”
Frederick Law Olmstead: “Every card he has played has been against him”
James Gordon Bennett - Johnson was being too lenient on the South
aug 1866
Farragut and Grant distanced themselves
Sep 1866
George Williams Curtis Harper’s Weekly: “The massacre at New Orleans will open many eyes”
Sep 1866
Republican landslide
House 173 - 53
Senate 43 - 9
2/3s majority in both houses gave Repubs a veto proof majority for congressional initiative and the 14th amendment.
nov 1866
Johnson vetoed civil rights bill
27th March 1866
Congress overrode the Presidential veto. First time it had overridden a veto on a substantive piece of legislation
April 9th 1866