Geology Midterm 1
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231 Terms
Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals; minerals are individual crystalline substances, must be solid
A naturally occurring solid with a crystalline structure and specific chemical composition, expressible as a chemical formula, inorganic (crystallize from magma, precipitate from solutions such as seawater at the surface and grow in response to changes in T and P deep in the crust)
What are igneous rocks? How do igneous rocks form?
Melting of rocks in hot deep crust and upper mantle. By crystallization/solidification of magma or lava (example: coarsely crystallized granite)
What are sedimentary rocks? How do sedimentary rocks form?
Weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at the surface. By deposition, burial, and lithification of weathered/eroded material (example: bedded sandstone)
What are metamorphic rocks? How do metamorphic rocks form?
Rocks under high temp and pressures in deep crust and upper mantle. By recrystallization in the solid state under high heat and pressure (example: gneiss)
Feed livestock in pens, fish scale terraces, warping dams, plant grasses/bushes, plant trees, terrace side of ravine
22% of the world’s population but only about 7% of its arable land
Large-scale restoration effort; reduced erosion, restored some areas to become green, focus was using more sustainable ways of living such as keeping goats in pens. Many trees were planted
Rapid Himalayan uplift, river incision and therefore sediment production, unstable slopes, glaciation, freeze-thaw erosion.
World’s most efficient source of silty sediment (2–63 µm). Finer grain than sand
Caused by respirable crystalline silica embedding into alveolar sacs; slow to develop, nodular lung lesions, inflammation, scarring.
Lung disorder linked to fine sand dust exposure in Saudi Arabia; causes immunosuppression that can be aggravated by opportunistic infections
Fungal disease from C. immitis spores in desert soils (SW US); Dormant during long dry spells then develops as a mold with long filaments that break off into airborne spores when it rains. Swept into the air by disruption of the soil, infections usually occur due to inhalation of the spores after soil disruption
What was the original source of the gas in Lake Nyos?
What triggered the release of gas from the lake (Nyos)?
Why was the gas at Nyos white?
Was there any warning for the villagers at Nyos?
Approximately how many people died in this disaster at Lake Nyos?
CO2 from underground volcanic chimneys is dissolved and concentrated at (Nyos)
The bottom of the lake
How are earthquakes triggered?
A landslide disrupting lake water layers. The deeper waters rise to the surface and CO2 bursts out, heavier than air CO2 flows down the sides of the volcano and into the valleys
Where is Lake Nyos located?
Oku volcanic field
CO2 in soil gas, continuously at four sites—three at Horseshoe Lake and one near the base of Chair 19 at the ski area
What is the usual concentration of CO2 in the air at Horseshoe Lake?
What concentration of CO2 causes headaches and dizziness at Horseshoe Lake?
What causes summertime exposure to high levels of CO2 in the Horseshoe Lake?
Lying directly on the ground or digging pits in the ground
Why is walking safe in summertime at Horseshoe Lake?
Why is wintertime more dangerous for CO2 levels at Horseshoe Lake?
CO2 can build under snowpack and escapes around buildings, through tree wells, and through depressions around large rocks
The Long Valley Caldera, but Mammoth has its own magma chamber
Yes, with minor eruptions; the largest was a small phreatic (stream) eruption 700 years ago
An eruption 760,000 years ago, considered a supervolcano
Why was the gas rich water at the bottom of the lake?
CO2-rich water is more dense than regular lake water
Air quality issues, lung damage to infants/elderly/sick, reduced sunlight, clogged water/sewage/machinery, structural damage from heavy ash to building, slippery surfaces hampering both driving and walking
When did Katla last erupt? How much bigger was this eruption than Eyjafallajokull’s 2010 eruption?
1918, about 3x bigger. High potential for much larger eruptions
What is a potential sign of pressure building in Katla’s magma chamber? How is this being monitored?
Uplift on the surface, monitored by GPS
located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, there is also a mantle plume
PM2.5 because the particles are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, respirable particles
Absorb water/gases, grow in size, penetrate respiratory tract more deeply and can increase in size in a moist environment such as the upper respiratory system
Vog conditions in Hawaii
vary depending on wind direction
Ancient Rome used lead pipes to distribute water; analysis shows water travelling through these pipes had ~100x more lead than water from the local springs nearby
Mining and smelting occurred from about 7000 to 15000 years ago
When was the Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire and Why?
Where is the Ancient Romes bones study site?
Ancient Roman city of Phaino, major mining and smelting centres of the Roman world, important supplier of Cu to ancient Syria/Mesopotamia/Egypt
Evidence of Mining Activities in Phaino, how many mines were there?
Mine shafts, metal processing sites, kilns, slag heaps (waste rock). Over 250 mines in this area