A&P II Lab Ex. 1

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary gland)

Regulates release of the thyroid hormone from thyroid gland

Growth hormone (anterior pituitary gland)

Affects most cells of body, particularly those of skeletal and muscular systems, stimulates cell growth and division

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (anterior pituitary gland)

Stimulates production and secretion of the glucocorticoids by adrenal cortex

Prolactin (anterior pituitary gland)

Regulates mammary growth and milk production in females, may help androgen production in males

Follicle-stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary gland)

Regulates hormone production of the gonads and development of secondary sex characteristics, leads to development of follicles in post-pubescent female ovaries

Luteinizing or lutinizing hormone (anterior pituitary gland)

Regulates hormone production of the gonads and development of secondary sex characteristics, leads to ovulation in post-pubescent female ovaries and production of testosterone in post-pubescent male testes

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (anterior pituitary gland)

Stimulates disruption of melanocytes in skin and rate of melanin synthesis, only produced in Pars intermedia

Melatonin (pineal gland)

Makes us drowsy and regulates our sleep cycle, production increases during periods of darkness and decreases with increased light

Oxytocin (posterior pituitary gland)

Milk letdown and labor contraction in females

Antidiuretic hormone (posterior pituitary gland)

Decreasing urine output by increasing water reabsorption in kidneys

Triiodothyronine (T3) (thyroid)

Increases basal metabolic rate, affects protein synthesis, and increases body’s sensitivity to the catecholamines (adrenaline, epinephrine, etc.)

Thyroxine (T4) (thyroid)

Increases basal metabolic rate, affects protein synthesis, and increases body’s sensitivity to the catecholamines (adrenaline, epinephrine, etc.)

Calcitonin (thyroid and parathyroid)

Decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity in bones, inhibiting calcium re-absorption in kidneys, and inhibiting calcium absorption in small intesting

Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid)

Increase blood calcium level by increasing osteoclast activity in bones, enhancing calcium reabsorption in kidneys, and enhancing calcium absorption in small intesting

Zona Glomerulosa hormone

Mineralocorticoids, adrenal gland

Mineralocorticoids function

Activates reabsorption of sodium and thus water and secretion of potassium in kidneys

Zona Fasciculata hormone

Glucocorticoids, adrenal gland

Glucocorticoids function

Stimulates liver to produce glucose through gluconeogenesis and promotes lipolysis and proteolysis

Zona reticularis hormone

Glucocorticoids/gonadocorticoids, adrenal gland

Glucocorticoids/gonadocorticoids

Androgen is the chief gonadocorticoid and is thought to be responsible for sex hormone

Medulla hormone

Epinephrine (adrenaline), adrenal gland

Epinephrine (adrenaline) function

Flight-or-fight hormone acts as vasoconstrictor and prmotes glycogenolysis

Medulla hormone

Norepinephrine, adrenal gland

Norepinephrine function

Same as epinephrine

Glucagon (pancreas)

Alpha cells, raises blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in liver

Insulin (pancreas)

Beta cells, lowers blood glucose levels by increasing glucose uptake into cells and promoting glycogenesis in liver

Estrogen

Follicle (ovary), promotes devlopement of female secondary sex characteristics and maturation of reproductive organs, responsible for cyclic changes of uterus

Progesterone

Corpus luteum (overy), promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics, responsible for cyclic changes of uterus

Testosterone

Interstitial cells (testis), promote development of male secondary characteristics and maturation of reproductive organs, responsible for male libido and sperm production

Thymosins

Thymus, responsible for maturation of T-lymphocytes

Diabetes insipidus

Can be caused by damage of hypothalamus or pituitary gland as a result of head infection, infection, loss of blood supply to the gland, surgery, or tumor; symptoms include excessive thirst, which may be intense or uncontrollable an excessive urine volume

Pituitary dwarfism

Can be congenital or caused by damage to brain; symptoms include a slow or flat growth rate, usually less than two inches per year; body is still proportional

Gigantism

Most common cause is noncancerous (benign) tumor of pituitary gland that causes hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty; symptoms include excessive growth in height, lengthening of muscles, an enlargement of muscles

Acromedgaly

Most common cause is noncancerous (benign) tumor of pituitary gland that causes hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty; symptoms include thickening of bones, lengthening of muscles, an enlargement of organs

Seasonal affecrtive disorder

Most common cause is living in places with long winter months; these locations have less light during the day leading to an increase in melatonin production; symptoms include feeling of hopelessness, increases appetite, and increases sl

Diabetes mellitus

Condition that results in blood glucose level being higher than normal; type 1 is caused by hyposecretion of insulin in pancreas, sometimes called insulin dependent due to regular insulin injections; type 2 ia caused by ineffective insulin or inability of body to use insulin, also called non-insulin dependent because individual has to control the condition through altering diet; gestational diabetes is usually temporary that develops when a pregnant women enters second or third trimester (2%) of pregnancies, usually resolved when infant is born, women who develop have a higher chance of developing type 2

Goiter

Most common cause is lack of dietary iodine; occurs either because of living in an area of iodine deficient soil or limited access to shellfish; iodized salt has remedied this in most developed countries; symptoms include swollen thyroid gland, resulting in a large lump on neck that can lead to difficulty breathing or swallowing

Graves’ disease

Most commonly caused by abnormal immune response in which antibodies mimic thyroid stimulating hormone; causes thyroid to hypersecrete thyroid hormone; symptoms include double vision, exophthalmos, difficulty concentrating, and restlessness