AP World History - Study Flashcards

Religious Mysticism

Adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to the divine through practices like prayer and meditation.

Buddhism

A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to achieve enlightenment.

Religious Mysticism

Adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to the divine through practices like prayer and meditation.

Buddhism

A religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path to achieve enlightenment.

Theravada Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism focused on meditation, simplicity, and renunciation of consciousness and self, mainly practiced by monks.

Mahayana Buddhism

Another branch of Buddhism that emphasizes compassion, spiritual comfort, and the availability of Buddhist teachings to all individuals.

Confucianism

A philosophy founded by Confucius in China, emphasizing hierarchical social order, filial piety, and proper relationships in society.

Hinduism

A religion in India centered around the belief in one supreme force, Brahma, and the goal of merging with Brahma through following dharma and achieving moksha.

Islam

A monotheistic religion founded by Prophet Muhammad, teaching salvation through submission to God and following the Five Pillars of Islam.

Song Dynasty

A ruling period in China characterized by the revival of Confucianism, the use of a large bureaucracy, and advancements in economy and technology.

Commercialization of Economy

The process of producing surplus goods for trade, leading to the use of paper money, credit systems, and increased economic prosperity.

Feudal Japan

A social structure in Japan during the 12th century, featuring an emperor, shogun, daimyo, samurai, and peasants, following the Code of Bushido.

Seljuk Warriors

By the 1200s, Seljuk warriors started gaining more political power, overshadowing the Abbasid caliphs who still claimed religious authority over Islam.

Mamluk Sultanate

A Turkic Muslim state in Egypt formed by enslaved Turkic warriors known as Mamluks after seizing power from incompetent sultans following Saladin's rule.

Delhi Sultanate

Established by invading Turks in South Asia, ruling over the Indian population for about 300 years, showcasing the rise of new Muslim empires made up of Turkic peoples.

Kievan Rus

Became a significant Christian entity after the fall of Constantinople, adopting architectural styles, alphabet, and the concept of using church structures for state organization from Byzantine.

Western Europe Centralization

Contrasted with Kievan Rus, Western Europe lacked centralization, relying on the Roman Catholic Church's hierarchy for structure and unity.

Crusades

Occasions initiated by the Roman Catholic Church to mobilize European Christians against Muslims, connecting Europeans to larger trade networks despite limited success in battles.

Feudalism

System in Western Europe based on allegiances between lords, monarchs, and knights, with peasants (serfs) bound to land in exchange for protection.

Mongol Empire

Largest contiguous land-based empire, characterized by military organization, superior weaponry, and brutality, leading to the Pax Mongolica era of peace and cultural transfers.

Indian Ocean Trade Network

Sea routes connecting Afro-Eurasian states, expanded due to the collapse of the Mongol Empire, innovations in commercial practices, transportation techniques, and the spread of Islam.

Silk Roads

Extensive network facilitating trade and cultural diffusion across Eurasia, driven by the exchange of luxury goods, innovations in commercial practices like money economies, and the spread of paper money.

Flying Money

Merchants used pieces of paper from merchant families in one region to exchange for coins in another region, facilitating trade and networks of exchange.

Rise of Banks

Banks emerged to facilitate exchanges of paper money and bills of credit, keeping trade flowing and introducing Banking Houses in Europe.

Caravanserai

Inns and guest houses along trade routes providing safety, lodging, and cultural exchange for traveling merchants and their animals.

Saddles

Innovations that made riding easier over long distances, allowing for the transportation of more goods, especially with frame and mattress saddles for multiple camels.

New Trading Cities

Strategically located cities along trade routes that grew in power and wealth, such as Kashgar and Samarkand, due to increased demand for interregional trade.

Cultural Diffusion

Merchants spread religion and innovations, leading to the exchange of ideas and goods between different regions along trade routes.

Gunpowder Empires

Land-based empires that expanded geographically by adopting gunpowder weapons, including the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, and Qing Dynasties.

Legitimize Power

The methods a ruler uses to communicate their authority to all subjects, establishing who is in charge.

Consolidate Power

Measures taken by a ruler to acquire power from other groups and assert it for themselves.

Administrative Methods - Bureaucracies and Militaries

Systems like large imperial bureaucracies and military professionals used by empires to govern and expand.

Devshirme System

The Ottoman Empire's practice of enslaving Christian boys for education and service in the military or bureaucracy.

Janissaries

Elite soldiers in the Ottoman Empire, primarily enslaved Christians, forming the core of the standing army.

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that European monarchs were God's representatives on Earth, justifying their rule.

Bhakti Movement

Originating in the 7th century, a Hindu mystical movement emphasizing union with gods, bridging Islam and Hinduism.

Sikhism

A belief system emerging in South Asia blending elements of Islam and Hinduism, emphasizing one God and reincarnation.

Protestant Reformation

A movement led by Martin Luther challenging corrupt practices of the Catholic Church, resulting in a split in Christianity.

Scientific Revolution

A period marked by advancements in scientific understanding, including the heliocentric model and the scientific method.

Deism

A belief popular in the 1700s asserting that God created the world but does not interfere in its workings.

Elizabethan Age

The period of Queen Elizabeth I's reign marked by expansion, exploration, and colonization, considered a golden age in England.

James II

Succeeded Charles II, feared for making England Catholic, ousted during Glorious Revolution

English Bill of Rights (1689)

Signed by Mary and William, limited monarch's power, affirmed Parliament's authority

France

Unified under strong monarchy post Hundred Years’ War, saw emergence of Huguenots

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Issued by Henry IV, promoted religious tolerance in France

Louis XIV

Reigned 1642-1715, centralized power, persecuted Huguenots, engaged in constant wars

War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

Fought to prevent union of French and Spanish thrones

Holy Roman Empire

Weak due to mixed dynamics, lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman Turks

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Intended to end conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Germany

Russia

Overthrew Mongols, Ivan IV executed threats, Romanovs ruled ruthlessly

Peter the Great

Westernized Russia, modernized the country

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, Safavid Empire

Babur

Founded Mughal Empire in India, united subcontinent

Akbar

Promoted religious toleration, united India further

Ming Dynasty

Restored China, built fleets for exploration, faced economic challenges

Qing Dynasty

Ruled China, conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, and Tibet

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Established Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, enforced strict social hierarchy

Resistance Movements

Ana Nzinga, Cossack Revolts, Haitian Slave Rebellion, Maratha, Maroon Societies, Metacom’s War, Pueblo Revolts

Sea-Based Empires

Shifted global power, adopted maritime technology, led to European exploration

Portuguese Trading Post Empire

Established trading posts to facilitate trade, focused on West Africa and Indian Ocean

Spanish Sea-Based Empire

Sponsored explorers like Columbus and Magellan, colonized the Americas.

Trans-Atlantic Trade

Trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, proving more prosperous than the Indian Ocean trade.

Colonial Control

European method of establishing control in territories through tribute collection and coerced labor, similar to methods used in the Americas.

Columbian Exchange

Transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres.

Cash Cropping

Agricultural method where crops are grown primarily for export, leading to wealth accumulation in European colonies.

Chattel Slavery

Labor system where enslaved individuals are treated as property and their status is hereditary, mainly used in the Americas.

Encomienda System

Spanish labor system coercing indigenous Americans to work for colonial authorities in exchange for food and protection.

Hacienda System

Large agricultural estates in Spanish colonies where indigenous laborers were forced to work, focusing on food export.

African Slave Trade

Long-standing practice of trading enslaved Africans, existing before the rise of maritime empires, showing continuity in slavery.

Enslaved Women and Girls

In the Islamic world, there was a high demand for enslaved women and girls who primarily served as domestic servants in households.

Slaves in Military and Political Positions

In some cases in the Islamic world, enslaved individuals could hold significant military or political roles.

Agricultural Work

In the Americas, male slaves were predominantly used for difficult agricultural work, impacting the demographics of African states.

Mercantilism

A state-driven economic system in Europe from 1450 to 1750 that aimed to accumulate mineral wealth by maintaining a favorable balance of trade.

Joint-Stock Companies

Limited liability businesses funded by a group of investors, often chartered by the state, which played a crucial role in imperial expansion and trade.

Atlantic System

The movement of goods, wealth, and laborers between the eastern and western hemispheres, facilitated by European maritime empires.

Sugar Economy

The importance of sugar production in colonial plantations, especially in the Caribbean, which led to increased demand and decreased prices in Europe.

Coerced Labor

Various forms of forced labor including forced indigenous labor, indentured servitude, and enslaved Africans, sustained by global silver flows and trade monopolies.

Maroon Societies

Communities of free blacks where enslaved Africans would sometimes run away and join, particularly in the Caribbean and Brazil, resisting plantation labor.

Stono Rebellion

A 1739 rebellion in British colonies in North America where enslaved Africans stormed the local armory, reflecting resistance against oppressive conditions in the colonies.

Expulsion

The treatment of Jews by Spain and Portugal, culminating in the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 and Portugal following a marriage alliance with Spain.

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II's relative tolerance towards displaced Jews, allowing them to immigrate and contribute to the economic and cultural environment.

Qing Dynasty Discrimination

The Qing dynasty's sharp division between ethnic Manchu and Han people, imposing restrictions such as reserving the highest positions for Manchu people.

Mughal Empire Tolerance

Under Akbar the Great, ethnic and religious minorities enjoyed tolerance, with Akbar funding the construction of religious buildings for various faiths.

Spanish Casta System

The social hierarchy in the Americas established by the Spanish conquistadors, organizing colonial society based on race and heredity.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing rationalism and empiricism, leading to new ideas about human society, individualism, natural rights, and social contract.

Nationalism

A sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, and social customs, contributing to major revolutions and the expansion of suffrage.

Abolition of Slavery

The movement to abolish slavery, influenced by Enlightenment ideas of liberty and equality, leading to the end of slavery in some nations like Britain.

End of Serfdom

The abolition of serfdom in some places during the Industrial Revolution as peasants became less essential to economic prosperity.

Women's Suffrage

The increasing calls for women's rights, including the right to vote, spurred by feminist movements and the demand for equality in all areas of life.

Popular Sovereignty

The concept that the power to govern resides with the people themselves, advocating for democracy and the influence of citizens in government policies.

Democracy

A system where people have the right to vote and impact governmental decisions, essential for exercising popular sovereignty.

Liberalism

An ideology emphasizing civil rights protection, representative government necessity, private property safeguarding, and economic freedom.

American Revolution

The revolution that began in 1776, inspired by Enlightenment principles like popular sovereignty, leading to the establishment of the United States in 1783.

French Revolution

The revolution that started in 1789, influenced by democratic ideals and Enlightenment principles, resulting in the overthrow of the French monarchy and the establishment of a republic.

Haitian Revolution

The revolution that began in 1791, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, resulting in the defeat of the French and the establishment of the first black-led government in the Western Hemisphere.

Latin American Revolutions

Series of revolutions in Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Central and South America, influenced by Enlightenment ideas, leading to the independence of many colonies and the formation of republican governments.

Industrialization in the US

Industrialization in the mid-19th century post-Civil War, driven by factors like abundant natural resources, political stability, and rapid population growth.

Industrialization in Russia

Industrialization in late 19th century Russia, initiated by the autocratic government, adoption of steam engine and railroad tech, and construction of the Trans-Siberian Railroad.

Industrialization in Japan

Defensive industrialization in Japan during the Meiji Restoration period, borrowing Western technology and education to become a major industrial power in the East.

Technology of the Industrial Age

Evolution from the First to Second Industrial Revolution, characterized by the use of coal and steam engines in the first phase and oil, internal combustion engines, steel, chemical engineering, and electricity in the second phase.

Effects of New Technologies

Impact of new technologies like the steam engine, steel, chemical engineering, and electricity on the development of interior regions, increase in trade and migration, and the global economy.

Top-Down Industrialization

Government-driven industrialization, where the state plays a proactive role in promoting industrialization through state-sponsored initiatives and investments.