Physiology Quiz on Body Systems and Functions

Dehydration

decreased volume and increased osmolarity of ECF

Blood buffer system

carbonic acid - bicarbonate

Acid/base disorder due to hyperventilation

respiratory alkalosis

Effect of increased ADH

urine that is more concentrated

Macula densa location

juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

RAAS inhibitor

atrial natriuretic peptide

Urinary tube to external environment

urethra

Medical term for urination

micturition

Bile storage

gallbladder

Enzyme that catalyzes carbohydrates

amylase

Another word for swallowing

deglutition

Salivary gland

parotid

Layers of the alimentary canal

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

Crown of a tooth covering

enamel

Papillae without taste buds

filiform

Control of chyme passage

pyloric sphincter

lower esophageal sphincter

A muscular ring that controls the flow between the esophagus and stomach.

gastroesophageal sphincter

A valve that prevents the backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus.

ileocecal valve

A valve that separates the small intestine from the large intestine.

pyloric sphincter

A valve that controls the passage of partially digested food from the stomach to the small intestine.

splenic flexure

The point where the transverse colon bends to become the descending colon.

sigmoid colon

The S-shaped section of the large intestine that connects to the rectum.

ascending colon

The part of the large intestine that ascends on the right side of the abdomen.

rectum

The final section of the large intestine, leading to the anus.

descending colon

The part of the large intestine that descends on the left side of the abdomen.

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

A strong acid produced by parietal cells in the stomach to aid digestion.

chief cells

Cells in the stomach that secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin.

mucous neck cells

Cells in the stomach that secrete mucus to protect the stomach lining.

parietal cells

Cells in the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)

A system of hormone-secreting cells found throughout the gastrointestinal tract.

cecum

The first part of the large intestine, connecting to the ileum of the small intestine.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone that stimulates the acinar cells of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes.

secretin

A hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid.

glucagon

A hormone that raises blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown.

insulin

A hormone that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular uptake.

bile production

The process by which hepatocytes produce bile for digestion and absorption of fats.

pepsinogen

An inactive enzyme secreted by chief cells that is converted to pepsin in the stomach.

duodenum

The first segment of the small intestine that receives chyme from the stomach.

microvilli

Tiny hair-like structures on the surface of intestinal cells that increase surface area for absorption.

normal flora of the large intestine

Beneficial bacteria that inhibit harmful bacteria and assist in digestion.

erythropoietin

A hormone produced by the kidneys that regulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

hilum

The indentation on the medial surface of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter.

nephron

The functional unit of the kidneys responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

glomerulus

A ball of capillaries within the renal corpuscle that filters blood.

glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (GCOP)

The pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma that affects filtration in the kidneys.

ACE inhibitor

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to decreased blood pressure.

Bicarbonate reabsorption

The reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the proximal tubule helps regulate blood pH.

Renal clearance

Renal clearance is used to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Voluntary neural control

necessary for relaxation of external urethral sphincter.

Tubular reabsorption

Tubular reabsorption reclaims items from filtrate and returns them to the blood.

Macula densa cells

Macula densa cells regulate changes in glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) as part of the tubuloglomerular feedback loop.

Acid-base imbalance from vomiting

Prolonged vomiting leads to metabolic alkalosis due to loss of hydrogen ions.

Compensation for diabetic ketoacidosis

hyperventilation.

Alkalosis blood pH

A blood pH of 7.47

Carbon dioxide elimination

Carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body through the respiratory and urinary systems.

Most abundant intracellular cation

Potassium

Excess accumulation of interstitial fluid

Edema

Average water loss per day

The average human loses about 2.5 L of water per day.

Condition due to hyperparathyroidism

Hypercalcemia is usually due to hyperparathyroidism.

Critical ions for enzyme activation

Magnesium ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes.

ABG with elevated PCO2

An arterial blood gas (ABG) showing elevated arterial PCO2 level and low pH indicates respiratory acidosis.

Total body water component

Cytosol accounts for about 60% of total body water.

Neuron detecting plasma osmolarity

Osmoreceptors detect changes in plasma osmolarity.

Importance of chlorine ions

Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids.