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arete
excellent character
Phronesis
practical wisdom or prudence (what is good and bad in actions)
Sophia
intellectual wisdom
new comedy
no longer publicly funded. private patrons commissioned. Due to patronage plays controlled, and wrights unable to make social and political critiques like Aristophanes. focused on "mistaken identities, tangled familial relationships, humorous misunderstandings, and breaches of etiquette" inspiration for Roman, medieval, and early-modern playwrights, such as Shakespeare.
The Thirty Tyrants
30 oligarchs. Ruling Athens after Peloponnesian war. quickly overthrown.
Decharchies
boards of ten pro-Spartan officials installed to establish oligarchies loyal to Sparta.
Lyceum
An institution for scientific learning
What is a material cause?
What is it made of?
What is a formal cause?
What is that being made?
What is an efficient cause?
Who made it?
What is a final cause?
What is it made for?
Pericles
Athenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.
Critias (460-403 BC)
Originally a member of Four Hundred, the oligarchy in Athens near the end of the Peloponnesian War, was exiled after the Four Hundred dissolved. student of Socrates, related to Plato, highly intelligent, antidemocratic, pro-Spartan (admiring the Spartan constitution), vengeful for exile.
Theramenes
A moderate and influential politician who was not committed to an oligarchy in Athens.
Praxiteles (400-330 BC)
mastered full-sized bronze statue. most famous sculptor from this period. first artist to fashion full-sized female nudes. In his time and in eras after his day, this was very controversial. best known for his lost statue of Aphrodite of Knidos (c. 350-330 BC).
Menander (c. 342-292 BC)
the most famous playwright of new comedy. Yet, only fragments of his work remain today.
Decline of the polis in the 4th century
Destruction of land, conflict and war led to poverty and many people became mercenaries. tension and chaos because issues with land and people moving mostly between poor and rich. Sparta became powerful but divided and lead to corinthian war where poleis joined against Sparta and allies which turned into stalemate. Greek on Greek violence diminished greek power but increased Persian.
Artistic and Intellectual developments
philosophers like socrates, plato, and Aristotle, and sculptors and painters and realism. bronze statues became popular.
