APUSH Unit 4 A new Republic Part 1

Election of 1800

A significant political event in which Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent President John Adams, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in the United States.

12th Amendment (Ratified in 1804)

This amendment established the procedure for electing the President and Vice President, requiring separate ballots for each in the Electoral College.

Revolution of 1800

A term that refers to the Election of 1800, highlighting the peaceful transition of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans.

• Peaceful transfer of power.

• "As real a revolution in the principles of our government as that of 1776 was in its form."

• Attempt to lead America on a more conservative and less democratic course. 

• Federalists never again played a national political role after the defeat in 1800.

• “We are all Republicans.  We are all Federalists.” 

  • Meaning all Americans rejected monarchy and embraced republican government, and that all Americans agreed that the powers of government were well divided between the federal government and the states.

Judiciary Act of 1801

A law passed by Congress that reorganized the federal judiciary, reducing the number of Supreme Court justices and creating new judgeships to ensure Federalist control of the courts.

• “Midnight Appointments”

  • 16 new presidentially-appointed judgeships to preside over six judicial districts.

  • General trial courts that are a part of the federal court system.

  • The act’s further divisions of the states into more circuit and district courts served to make the federal courts even more powerful than the state courts, a move strongly opposed by the Anti-Federalists.

  • ‘Packing the Court’

John Marshall

The fourth Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1801 to 1835. He played a key role in establishing the principles of American constitutional law and the authority of the Supreme Court.

• 34 years, until death.

• 30 days under the Federalists.

• 34 years as Chief Justice.

• The ghost of Alexander Hamilton lived on.

Marbury V. Madision

A landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1803 that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Court to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. It was established in a case where the court refused to issue a writ of mandamus to force the Secretary of State to deliver a commission. William Marbury, a Federalist appointed as Justice of the Peace, had his commission delivered after Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic-Republican, became president and ordered James Madison, the new Secretary of State, to withhold the commissions. 

Barbary Pirates again

Jefferson

• Reduced military

  • To avoid war.

  • Republicans didn’t trust standing armies--inviting of dictatorship.

• Peaceful coercion

   Pirates

  • Mediterranean Sea

  • ...were being...pirates.

  • 1801, they wanted more money.

  First Barbary War

  • Jefferson dispatched the navy to the shores of Tripoli.

  • 4 years of intermittent fighting.

  • Treaty of Peace, 1805.

  • $60,000 as ransom payments for captured Americans.

Napoleon Bonaparte

1800

Napoleon gets Louisiana from Spain.

1802

Americans no longer had right of deposit (warehouse/storage privileges) in New Orleans.

1803

Louisiana ceded to the U.S. for $15 million, 3¢ per acre.

Louisiana Purchase

The acquisition of the Louisiana Territory by the United States from France in 1803, which doubled the size of the nation for $15 million. This purchase was pivotal in expanding U.S. territory and influence. Jefferson sent Monroe to join Robert Livingston in France to try to buy new Orleans and west Florida for as much as 10 million.

Lewis and Clark

• 1804

• Two and a half years.

• Scientific observations, maps, knowledge of Indians.

• Sacagawea

  • Shoshone

  • Pregnant

Pike’s Expedition

• Zebulon Pike, U.S. Army Officer

• 1805

• Led a party in search of the source of the Mississippi River.

• Traveled through Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska before reaching Colorado.

• Pike’s Peak

• Implicated in a plot with former VP Aaron Burr to seize territory in the Southwest, but was exonerated.

Hamilton V. Burr

A political and personal rivalry between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr that culminated in a fatal duel in 1804. The conflict stemmed from Hamilton's opposition to Burr's political ambitions and actions, ultimately leading to Hamilton's death.

Election of 1804

The presidential election in which Thomas Jefferson was re-elected, defeating Charles C. Pinckney. This election further validated the Democratic-Republican Party's dominance.

Napoleonic Wars

A series of conflicts involving Napoleon Bonaparte's French Empire against various coalitions of European nations from 1803 to 1815, significantly reshaping European politics and borders. There was no way for the US to trade with either nation without haveing to face the other.

Chesapeake Affair

An incident in 1807 where the HMS Leopard attacked the USS Chesapeake, leading to heightened tensions between Britain and the United States, significantly impacting American foreign policy.

Embargo Act

A law passed in 1807 that prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports, aimed at protecting U.S. interests and avoiding war, but it led to economic hardship.

• Laid the groundwork for industry.

• Repealed three days before Jefferson retired in 1809.

• Peaceful coercion

Non-intercourse Act

A law passed in 1809 that replaced the Embargo Act and allowed trade with all nations except Britain and France, aimed at minimizing economic damage while still attempting to influence foreign policy.

• 1809

• Lifted embargoes on all ships except those bound for British or French ports.

• Intent was to damage the economies of British and French.

The war of 1812 shed light on…

• Without a bank, how to raise money for war.

• Without a means of transportation, how to move men and supplies.

• More on the War of 1812 soon.

American System

• 1815

• Henry Clay

• Three parts:

  • Creation of a new national bank.

  • Federal financing to improve and construct roads and canals.

  • A protective tariff to shield American industries. 

National Bank/2nd BUS

First Bank of the United States

• Alexander Hamilton

• 1791 with a 20 year charter.

• Expired in 1811, was not renewed by 1 vote.

• By 1811, Democratic-Republicans were in control , Hamilton was dead and the number of state banks had increased.

Second Bank of the United States

• James Madison (president)

• 1816 with a 20 year charter.

• Until Jackson can wield his veto.

Internal Improvements

• Would promote trade and unite the various sections of the country.

• National road.

• Madison urged for an amendment that would authorize the federal government to begin building national roads and canals.  

• Congress did not address the constitutional issue, but instead drafted a bill applying profits from the BUS toward the building of roads and canals.  

• In his last act as president, Madison vetoed the “Bonus Bill,” finding it to be unconstitutional.

Protection Tariff

• Jefferson committed his administration to repealing taxes, slashing government expenses, cutting military expenditures, and paying off the public debt.

• Financially, the War of 1812 cost the United States tremendously.

  • In sum, the United States spent $158 million on the war with more than $90 million of that total going just to the army and navy. 

  • The U.S. needed $16 million just for interest on money borrowed and almost $50 million to cover promises made to war veterans.

• The national debt likely would have been paid off by 1815 had the United States not gone to war with Britain. 

• Instead the debt ballooned to $127 million.

  Tariff of 1816

• Tax on English cotton cloth to protect the New England textile industry (20%).

• Southerners relied on imports, so they were affected more than Northerners or Westerns.

• Tariff of 1828 results in sectional conflict, known as the Tariff of Abomination (50%).

Westward Expansion

• In 1819, the citizens of Missouri requested admission to the Union as a new state (land from the Louisiana Purchase).

• Northwest Ordinance set the protocol for that process.

• Settlers had already taken slaves, so it was likely to enter as a slave state.

Tellmadge Amendment

• New York Congressman, James Tallmadge

• Prohibiting slavery in Missouri and providing for the emancipation of the children of the enslaved at 25 years of age.

• Admission of Missouri either way would upset the balance of power between free and slave states.

Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) under President Monroe in 1820.

• Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine admitted as a free state (balance maintained).

• A line along the 36°30’ would permit slavery south of the line as westward expansion proceeded, but north of it, slavery would be prohibited.

Election of 1809

An election in which James Madison defeated Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, leading to Madison's presidency and the continuation of Democratic-Republican policies.

Federalists and Democratic Republicans

• Madison was a Federalist until 1791.

• He co-founded the Democratic Republican Party with Thomas Jefferson to oppose Hamilton’s bank, debt and strong federal power in favor of states’ rights.

• Madison served as Jefferson’s Secretary of State (the stepping stone to the presidency).

• Jefferson, Madison and Monroe are the only Democratic Republican presidents elected before the party divided into various factions.

Macon’s Bill #2

A law passed in 1810 that aimed to motivate Britain and France to respect American shipping rights. It lifted all restrictions on trade with both nations, but promised to restore trade restrictions if either nation ceased its attacks on American vessels.

• Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act

  • Reopened trade with Britain and France.

• But…

  • ...if either country agreed to respect American shipping the U.S. would cut off trade with the other.

  • Accepted the French offer.

  • Re-established embargo on Britain.

War Hawks

A group of young politicians, primarily from the South and West, who advocated for war against Britain in the years leading up to the War of 1812. They believed war was necessary to defend national honor and expand territory.

• Members of Congress.

• Led by John C. Calhoun.

• Saw war with Britain as necessary.

Tecumseh and the Prophet

A Native American leader and his brother who sought to unite various tribes against American expansion in the early 19th century. Tecumseh became a prominent figure in the resistance to U.S. territorial encroachment, while his brother, Tenskwatawa, known as the Prophet, promoted a revival of native culture and spirituality.

War of 1812

Conflict between the United States and Britain from 1812 to 1815, primarily over trade restrictions and impressment of American sailors. It resulted in increased nationalism and the confirmation of U.S. sovereignty. On August 1814 they burned down washington. Fort McHenry led to Francis Scott Key writing the Star Spangled Banner. Andrew Jackson became a national hero.

Treaty of Ghent

The treaty that ended the War of 1812, signed on December 24, 1814, and restored pre-war boundaries between the United States and Britain without addressing the issues that led to the war.

Causes of War of 1812

• Major trade restrictions on the U.S.

  • Orders in Council, 1807

  • French v. British 

• British impressment of American sailors.

• British + Native Americans 

  • Tecumseh

  • Tippecanoe

Hartford Convention

A series of meetings in late 1814 where New England Federalists gathered to discuss their grievances regarding the War of 1812 and the implications of U.S. policies, which ultimately called for constitutional amendments and threatened secession.

James Monroe

Period 4; 1817 - 1825

Pinckney’s Treaty

A 1795 agreement between the United States and Spain that defined the southern boundary of the United States and guaranteed American navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

First Seminole War

1817 - 1818

US Sought to recapture slaves living with Seminoles in Florida, General Andrew Jackson was sent to Florida and he captured the Spanish fort of Pensacola in May 1818.

Adams Onis Treaty

A 1819 treaty between the United States and Spain that ceded Florida to the US and defined the boundary between the US and New Spain.

Monroe Doctrine

A principle established in 1823 that warned European nations against further colonization or interference in the Americas, asserting that any such actions would be viewed as acts of aggression toward the United States.

Market Revolution in the US

A period of rapid economic change in the early 19th century characterized by the shift from agrarian economies to industrialization, significant advancements in transportation, and the growth of new markets.

Roads

The National Road was the first highway built entirely with federal funds. The road was authorized by Congress in 1806 during the Jefferson Administration. Construction began in Cumberland, Maryland in 1811.Ca

Canals

Built between 1817 and 1825, the original Erie Canal traversed 363 miles from Albany to Buffalo. It was the longest artificial waterway and the greatest public works project in North America.

Steamboat

The steamboat profoundly affected the Industrial Revolution. Efficiently transporting goods and products would not have been possible without the steamboat.

Self-sufficiency decreased as steamboat transportation increased commercial trading capabilities. The advent of the steamboat increased dependency on manufactured goods, and personal financial well-being then became more dependent on market forces.

Railroads

Railroads provided a quick, scheduled, and year-round mode of transportation. Railroads were superior to water routes in that they provided a safer, less hazardous mode of transport. Beginning in 1826, several states chartered railroads, including Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, and Pennsylvania. The most prominent early railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which linked the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River and offered passenger and freight service as of 1830.

Interchangeable Parts

Interchangeable parts, popularized in America when Eli Whitney used them to assemble muskets in the first years of the 19th century, allowed relatively unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and at lower cost, and made repair and replacement of parts infinitely easier.

Factory System

Before urbanization and industrialization, most production was accomplished by a system called the cottage industry. In the cottage industry, peasant families produced more goods than they needed to use themselves and sold them to others.

These features were important because they allowed early factories to lower production costs, increase efficiency, and utilize technology more effectively.

Cotton Gin

In 1794, U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber.

Commercial Farming

The commercialization of agriculture changed the economic base for the South and West. Though the country remained regionally specialized, with the North and South divided by sectional ideology, the growth in commercial agriculture pushed farmers in the South and West away from subsistence agriculture and production for local markets toward a nationally integrated market.

Natvists

The sudden influx of immigration triggered a backlash among many native-born Anglo-Protestant Americans. This nativist movement, especially fearful of the growing Catholic presence, sought to limit European immigration and prevent Catholics from establishing churches and other institutes. It would spawn its own political party in the 1850s, the American Party or also known as the Know-Nothing Party.

Middle Class

Middle-class occupations in the North and South: bankers, doctors, lawyers, insurance brokers, and shipping agents.

To be considered a success in family life, a middle-class American man typically aspired to own a comfortable home and to marry a woman of strong morals and religious conviction who would take responsibility for raising virtuous, well-behaved children.

Cult of Domesticity

Fundamentally, the cult held that a woman’s place was in the home where her superior virtue was to create a strong morally uplifting environment for her children and husband, whereas a man’s place was in the more corrupting and violent world of work and public affairs where he alone should support the family.

Lowell factory

In the new Lowell Mills, the Boston Associates developed a labor system that employed young, unmarried women. By the 1820s, young women came to the factory towns from farms all over New England. The women lived in boarding houses that were strictly supervised, and they earned between $2.50 and $3.25 per week, about half of which went for room and board. Often, the young women were not working to support themselves, but sending most of the money they made back home.