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A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards summarizing key terms from the lecture on consciousness, sleep, dreams, psychoactive drugs, and hypnosis.
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Consciousness
A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind.
Phenomenology
The study of how things seem to the conscious person.
Problem of Other Minds
The fundamental difficulty in perceiving the consciousness of others.
Philosophical Zombie
A hypothetical being that behaves like a conscious person but lacks subjective experience.
Agency (in mind perception)
Judged capacity for self-control, planning, thought, and memory.
Capacity for Experience
Judged ability to feel sensations such as pain, pleasure, or hunger.
Mind-Body Problem
The issue of how the mind and the physical brain interact.
Dualism
The philosophical view that mind and body are distinct entities (Descartes).
Intentionality
Property of consciousness being directed toward an object or focus.
Unity
Ability of consciousness to integrate information into a coherent whole.
Selectivity
Capacity to include some objects and exclude others from awareness.
Transience
The tendency of consciousness to change or drift over time.
Minimal Consciousness
Low-level sensory awareness and responsiveness that can occur during sleep.
Full Consciousness
Awareness in which one can report on one’s mental state.
Self-Consciousness
Attention drawn to the self as an object (e.g., embarrassment, self-reflection).
Mirror Self-Recognition (Rouge) Task
Experimental test for self-consciousness using a mark on the face and a mirror.
Coma
State in which a patient is unresponsive, eyes closed, and shows no wakefulness.
Vegetative State
Condition with wake-sleep cycles but no reliable awareness of self or surroundings.
Locked-In Syndrome
Full awareness but near-total paralysis; not a disorder of consciousness.
Experience Sampling / EMA
Method of prompting people to report their conscious experiences in real time.
Daydreaming
Seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts while awake; linked to default network.
Default Network
Brain regions active when thinking about self, past, or future and during rest.
Mental Control
Attempt to change or regulate one’s conscious state of mind.
Thought Suppression
Conscious effort to avoid a particular thought.
Rebound Effect (of Thought Suppression)
Suppressed thoughts return with greater frequency once suppression ends.
Ironic Processes of Mental Control
Monitoring for errors can itself cause the unwanted thought or action.
Dynamic Unconscious
Freud’s concept of hidden memories and instincts kept from awareness.
Repression
Mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts from consciousness.
Freudian Slip
Speech or action error thought to reveal the unconscious.
Cognitive Unconscious
Modern term for mental processes that occur without conscious awareness.
Dual Process Theories
Models proposing fast, automatic System 1 and slow, effortful System 2 processing.
System 1
Fast, automatic, unconscious information processing system.
System 2
Slow, effortful, conscious information processing system.
Altered State of Consciousness
Experience that markedly differs from normal wakeful awareness.
Hypnagogic State
Drifting, pre-sleep consciousness with wandering images and thoughts.
Hypnic Jerk
Sudden body twitch or falling sensation when drifting into sleep.
Circadian Rhythm
Naturally occurring roughly 24-hour sleep–wake cycle.
Stage 1 Sleep
Light sleep with theta waves; easy to wake.
Stage 2 Sleep
Sleep stage with sleep spindles and K-complexes; harder to wake.
Stage 3 Sleep
Beginning of slow-wave sleep marked by delta waves.
Stage 4 Sleep
Deep slow-wave sleep dominated by delta waves.
REM Sleep
Rapid eye-movement stage with vivid dreams, high brain activity, and muscle atonia.
Insomnia
Chronic difficulty falling or staying asleep.
Sleep Apnea
Sleep disorder in which breathing stops briefly and repeatedly.
Sleepwalking
Motor activity during non-REM sleep, most common in children.
Narcolepsy
Disorder with sudden REM sleep attacks during wakefulness.
Sleep Paralysis
Temporary inability to move when waking from REM sleep.
Night Terrors
Abrupt awakening with panic, usually early in the night and without dream recall.
Manifest Content
The apparent storyline of a dream (Freud).
Latent Content
The hidden, true meaning of a dream (Freud).
Action-Synthesis Model
Theory that dreams result from the brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural activity.
Lucid Dreaming
Dream state in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming and may exert control.
Psychoactive Drug
Substance that alters brain function and affects consciousness or behavior.
Drug Tolerance
Need for larger doses to achieve the same effect over time.
Physical Dependence
Use of a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Psychological Dependence
Compulsive drug use driven by emotional or mental need.
Depressants
Drugs that reduce CNS activity, producing calming effects (e.g., alcohol).
Expectancy Theory
Idea that alcohol effects are partly produced by people’s expectations.
Alcohol Myopia
Alcohol-induced narrowing of attention leading to simplified responses.
Stimulants
Substances that excite the CNS and increase arousal (e.g., cocaine, ecstasy).
Narcotics (Opiates)
Highly addictive pain-relieving drugs derived from opium (e.g., heroin).
Hallucinogens
Drugs that alter perception and can cause sensory distortions (e.g., LSD).
Hypnosis
Social interaction involving suggestions that alter a person’s subjective experience.
Posthypnotic Amnesia
Inability to recall information following a hypnotic suggestion to forget.
Hypnotic Analgesia
Pain reduction achieved through hypnosis in susceptible individuals.