Module 1.3: Development of Programming Languages

Machine Languages

Consist of instructions of pure binary numbers that are difficult for humans to remember. Native languages of computers and the first generation of programming languages used by humans to communicate with the computer.

Assembly Language

The machine language with sophisticated use of mnemonics. It is normally allows simple variables, branch to a label address, different addressing modes, and macros that represent a number of instructions.

Assembler

Used to translate an assembly language program into the machine language program. It translate mnemonic symbols into corresponding binary numbers, substitute register numbers or memory locations for the variables, and calculate the destination address of branch instructions according to the position of the labels in the program.

Plankalkül Programming

The first high-level programming language can be traced to Konrad Zuse’s

________ system in Germany in 1946.

Konrad Zuse

Plankalkül programming is developed by ___________.

Short Code

The first high-level programming language that was actually used in an electronic computing device was developed in 1949. There was no compiler designed for the language, and programs written in the language had to be hand-compiled into the machine code.

A0

The invention of the compiler was credited to Grace Hopper, who designed the first widely known compiler.

Grace Hopper

A0 was developed by ________.

Autocoder

The first primitive compiler that was written by Alick E. Glennie. It could handle single letter identifiers and simple formulas.

Alick E. Glennie

The first primitive compiler called Autocoder was written by ________.

Fortran (FORmula TRANslating)

The first widely used language was developed by the team headed by John Backus at IBM between 1954 and 1957.

John Backus

The first widely used language, Fortran (FORmula TRANslating), was developed by the team headed by ________ at IBM between 1954 and 1957.

Backus-Naur Form (BNF)

A formal notation used to define the syntax of programming languages.

Structured Programming

A technique for organizing programs in a hierarchy of modules.

Algol 60

The first block-structured language was introduced.

Edsger Dijkstra

Credited with the design of the first Algol 60 compiler. He is famous as the leader in introducing structured programming and in abolishing the goto statement from programming.

Pascal

Developed by Niklaus Wirth between 1968 and 1970.

Modula

Niklaus Wirth developed _________ as the successor of Pascal in 1977.

Oberon Language

Had Pascal-like syntax, but it was strongly typed. It also offered type extension (inheritance) that supported object-oriented programming.

Dennis Retchie

The C programming language was invented and first implemented by ___________.

Martin Richards

BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language)

Ken Thompson

B language

Simula Language

Object-oriented programming concepts were first introduced and implemented in this kanguage.

Ole-Johan Dahl
Kristen Nygaard

Simula language was designed by _________ and _________.

Smalltalk

One of the object-oriented successors of Simula was _______, designed at Xerox PARC, led by Alan Kay.

Alan Kay

One of the object-oriented successors of Simula was Smalltalk, designed at Xerox PARC, led by ________.

Lisp

Smalltalk also inherited functional programming features from ________. First functional programming language.

Bjarne Stroustrup

A danish computer scientist at Bell Labs in the United States.

Java

Written by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank, and Mike Sheridan at Sun Microsystems.

C#

Was first announced in June 2000. The language was derived from C++ and Java. It was implemented as a full object-oriented language without “primitive” types.

Scheme

First developed by G. L. Steele and G. J. Sussman in 1975 at MIT.

FP Language

Not based on lambda calculus. Based on function form combining rules.

ML (Meta Language)

Based on lambda calculus. Strongly typed with type inference. No variable declarations needed.

Miranda

Pure functional programming language developed by David Turner at the University of Kent in 1985–1986.

David Turner

Miranda is a pure functional programming language developed by _______ at the University of Kent in 1985–1986.

Horn Logic

The most significant member in the family of logic programming languages is the ________-based Prolog.

Alain Colmerauer
Philippe Roussel

Prolog was invented by _______ and _______ at the University of Aix- Marseille in 1971.