finalexam

lawrence kohlberg

moral developmental theorist

kohlberg’s theory grew out of…

his doctoral dissertation by which he attempted to examine piaget’s theory

kohlberg’s theory

involves presenting subjects with moral dilemmas or stories to assess their level of moral reasoning.

involved a story character who had to choose obeying the law or breaking the law for the benefit of another

example of kohlberg’s dilemma

a man by the name of Heinz who was financially deprived must choose between letting his very sick wife die or stealing medicine to steal a life

according to kohlberg the subject is asked

1. what should the character do

2. why

which question is the most important according to kohlberg

the second question (why?) to measure the level of moral reasoning

levels of kohlberg’s theory

preconventional (pre-moral) level

conventional level

post-conventional (principle) level

seventh stage of kohlberg’s theory

goes beyond conventional moral reasoning and enters the realm of religious faith

two attributes of kohlberg’s theory

1. social perspective component

2. the moral content component

three similarities between kohlberg and piaget

1. piaget’s process of accommodation, meaning accommodation represents the changes in cognitive structures or existing knowledge in response to new moral experiences

2. all children proceed through stages in the same order with no regression to an earlier stage

3. the progression of stages is universal for all people and all cultures

jean piaget

cognitive development stage theorist

was known as developing intelligence tests for children

according to piaget…

human development can be described in terms of cognitive structures and functions

cognitive structures

schemes

development

schemes

cognitive structure of infancy. can refer to actions

• they are flexible

• can change over time

development

refers to continual reorganization of knowledge into new and more complex structures or schemes 

functions

• organization

• adaptation

two functions include constructivism

cognitive developmental stages

1. sensory motor period (birth-age 2)

2. pre-operational period (2-7 years)

3. concrete operational period (7-11 years)

4. formal operational period (11-15 years)

piaget’s theory consists of 4 general factors

1. maturation

2. physical experience

3. social experience

4. equilibrium

lev vygotsky

sociocultural development theorist

vygotsky’s development theory

represents thought and speech that reflects venn diagram

1st circle

non-verbal thought

2nd circle

non-conceptual speech

both circles

verbal thought

stages of speech development

1. primitive or natural speech (birth-age 2)

2. naive psychological speech (2-4 years)

3. egocentric speech (4-6 years)

4. ingrowth speech (6-8 years)

stages in conceptual thought

1. thinking in unorganized heaps (0-2 years)

2. thinking in complexes (2-4 years)

3. thinking in concepts (4-6 years)

attributes of vygotsky’s theory

1. structures

2. functions

3. memory

4. perception

vygotsky also developed

cognitive developmental stages/levels

vygotsky’s cognitive developmental stages/levels

1. intuitive and emotional contact between child and adult (birth-1 year)

2. object manipulation activity (1-3 years)

3. playing games activity (3-7 years)

4. learning activity (7-11 years)

5. social communication activity (11-15 years)

6. vocational learning activity (15-17 years)

vyogtsky’s central construct to his theory

zone approximal

zone approximal

the difference between what the child can do on his/her own and what the child can do with help

what children can do on their own is referred to as the…

level of actual development

example of level of actual development

standard IQ test

level of potential development

what a child can do with help from others

what defines a child’s zone of approximal development

the difference between actual and potential development

yrie bronfenbrenner

ecological systems theorist

two primary sources of his theory

1. all the advanced methods to study behavior in one’s natural environment

2. publication titles “The ecology of human development” at cornell

bronfenbrenner has layers of…

environmental context and they are interrelated

4 layers and it should be

in a circle surrounding a child

layers of bronfenbrenner’s theory

1. the microsystem

2. mesosystem

3. exosystem

4. macrosystem