Inorganic Chemistry: Periodic Table, s/p Block, and Metallurgy Flashcards

A comprehensive set of 100 flashcards based on the Trishna's IIT JEE Chemistry transcript covering Inorganic Chemistry, the Periodic Table, s-block, p-block, metallurgy, and coordination compounds.

According to Mendeleev's periodic law, the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of what?

Their atomic masses.

What characteristic X-ray relationship did Moseley find in 1912?

$\upsilon = a(Z - b)$ where $\upsilon$ is the frequency, $Z$ is the atomic number, and $a$ and $b$ are constants.

The modern periodic law states that physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of what property?

Atomic number.

How many elements are contained in the sixth period of the long form periodic table?

32 elements.

What is the general valence electronic configuration of the s-block elements?

$ns^{1-2}$.

Which p-block element is an exception to the general configuration of $ns^2 np^{1-6}$?

Helium ($He$), which has the configuration $1s^2$.

What name is given to the elements of the d-block?

Transition elements (or transition metals).

What is the general outer electronic configuration for the f-block elements?

$(n-2)f^{1-14} (n-1)d^{0-1} ns^2$.

Define Covalent Radius.

Half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms of the same element in a molecule.

How does covalent radius change from left to right in a period?

It decreases because of increasing effective nuclear charge and incomplete shielding.

Define Metallic Radius.

Half the distance between the nuclei of two adjacent atoms in a metallic crystal.

Define van der Waals radius.

Half the distance between the nuclei of two nonbonded atoms at their closest approach.

How does the size of a cation compare to its parent atom?

A cation is smaller than the atom from which it is formed.

How does the size of an anion compare to its parent atom?

An anion is larger than the atom from which it is formed.

In a series of isoelectronic species, how does size change as atomic number increases?

Size decreases as atomic number increases.

What is the definition of Ionization Enthalpy?

The minimum amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom in its ground state.

Why is the second ionization enthalpy ($I_2$) always larger than the first ($I_1$)?

Because the electron is being removed from an already positive ion.

What is the order of screening effectiveness for subshells?

$s > p > d > f$.

Give the formula for Effective Nuclear Charge (ENC).

$ENC = Z - s$ where $Z$ is the nuclear charge and $s$ is the screening constant.

Why do Boron and Oxygen have lower Ionization Energy than Beryllium and Nitrogen respectively?

When Boron and Oxygen lose one electron, they attain stable half-filled or completely filled electronic configurations.

Why do the elements of Group 18 have a positive Electron Gain Enthalpy?

They already possess a stable octet structure.

Which element has the highest negative electron gain enthalpy (highest electron affinity)?

Chlorine ($Cl$).

What is the Pauling scale formula for calculating the electronegativity difference between two atoms?

$X_B - X_A = 0.1017 \sqrt{E_{A-B} - (E_{A-A} + E_{B-B}) / 2}$ with bond energies in $kJ \, mol^{-1}$.

How is Electronegativity calculated on the Mulliken scale?

As the average of ionization energy and electron affinity in eV ($X_M = [IE + EA] / 2$).

According to the Hanney-Smith equation, what electronegativity difference results in a bond being 50% ionic?

A difference of $1.7$.

Define Electropositivity.

The tendency of an atom to lose electrons to form a positive ion.

Which element is the most electropositive?

Caesium ($Cs$) or Francium ($Fr$).

What is the chemical formula for Spodumene?

$LiAl(SiO_3)_2$.

Name the longest-lived isotope of Francium ($Fr$) and its half-life.

$^{223}Fr$, which has a half-life of 21 minutes.

What is the order of mobility and electrical conductivity of alkali metal ions in aqueous solution?

$Cs^+ > Rb^+ > K^+ > Na^+ > Li^+$.

What flavor of blue color do dilute solutions of alkali metals in liquid ammonia exhibit?

The blue color is due to solvated (ammoniated) electrons.

What diagonal relationship does Lithium show?

A relationship with Magnesium ($Mg$).

What products are formed when Lithium Nitrate ($LiNO_3$) is heated?

$Li_2O$, $NO_2$, and $O_2$.

What is the composition of 'Oxone'?

Sodium Peroxide ($Na_2O_2$).

What is the main byproduct of the Solvay process for manufacturing sodium carbonate?

Calcium Chloride ($CaCl_2$).

What is the common name for Magnesium Oxide when used as a refractory?

Magnesia.

What is the structure of $BeCl_2$ in the vapour state above $900^{\circ}C$?

A linear monomeric molecule ($sp$ hybridization).

What is the chemical composition of Bleaching Powder?

$Ca(OCl)_2 \cdot CaCl_2 \cdot Ca(OH)_2 \cdot 2H_2O$.

What is 'Dead burnt plaster'?

Anhydrous Calcium Sulphate ($CaSO_4$) formed by heating gypsum above $200^{\circ}C$.

What is the chemical name and formula for 'Anhydrone'?

Magnesium perchlorate, $Mg(ClO_4)_2$.

Which alkaline earth metal is present in Chlorophyll?

Magnesium ($Mg$).

What gas turns lead acetate paper black?

Hydrogen sulphide ($H_2S$).

Describe the Chromyl Chloride test result for chlorides.

Deep red vapours of $CrO_2Cl_2$ are evolved and pass into $NaOH$ to form a yellow solution of $Na_2CrO_4$.

What indicates the presence of a nitrate in the Brown Ring test?

The formation of a brown complex $[Fe(H_2O)_5NO]SO_4$ at the junction of the liquids.

What characterizes 'Thenard's blue' in qualitative analysis?

A blue ash of $CoO \cdot Al_2O_3$ (or $CoAl_2O_4$) produced in the cobalt nitrate ash test for Aluminum.

What is the composition and color of 'Rinmann's green'?

A green ash of $ZnO \cdot CoO$, used to confirm Zinc ($Zn^{2+}$).

What is used to isolate pure crystalline boron in Van Arkel's method?

Pyrolysis of boron iodide ($BI_3$) on a red hot tungsten filament at $1200^{\circ}C$.

What are the two common formulas for boranes?

$B_n H_{n+4}$ (nido boranes) and $B_n H_{n+6}$ (arachno boranes).

What is the hybridization of Boron in Diborane ($B_2H_6$)?

$sp^3$ hybridization.

What is 'Inorganic Benzene'?

Borazine or borazole ($B_3N_3H_6$).

What type of bond characterizes the hydrogen bridges in Diborane?

Three centre two electron (3c - 2e) bonds (banana bonds).

How is anhydrous aluminium chloride ($AlCl_3$) commercially prepared in the Mac Affe process?

By heating a mixture of aluminium oxide and carbon at $870^{\circ}C$ in a stream of dry chlorine.

What happens to the density when diamond is converted to graphite by heating?

The density decreases from $3.51 \, g \, cm^{-3}$ (diamond) to $2.22 \, g \, cm^{-3}$ (graphite).

What is the C - C bond distance in Diamond?

$1.54 \, \text{\AA}$.

What poison is formed when carbon monoxide ($CO$) coordinates with blood?

Carboxy haemoglobin.

What are the components of 'Water Gas'?

An equimolar mixture of $CO$ and $H_2$.

At what temperature does dry ice (solid $CO_2$) sublime?

$-78^{\circ}C$.

Which process uses the thermal decomposition of Nickel Carbonyl to obtain pure Nickel?

Mond's process.

What property of Quartz ($SiO_2$) is utilized in crystal oscillators and gas lighters?

Piezoelectric property.

What is the structural unit of all silicates?

$(SiO_4)^{4-}$ tetrahedra.

Give an example of an Orthosilicate.

Olivine ($Mg_2SiO_4$), phenacite ($Be_2SiO_4$), zircon ($ZrSiO_4$), or willemite ($Zn_2SiO_4$).

What is the general formula for cyclic silicates?

$(SiO_3)_n^{2n-}$.

What distinguishes Silicones (Siloxanes)?

They are synthetic organosilicon polymers with repeating $R_2SiO$ units.

What is the commercial name for sodium hexametaphosphate ($(NaPO_3)_6$)?

Graham's salt or Calgon.

Which nitrogen hydride is used as a detonator in the form of its lead salt?

Hydrazoic acid ($N_3H$).

Describe the Raschig process for preparing Hydrazine.

Oxidation of ammonia by sodium hypochlorite in dilute aqueous solution in the presence of glue or gelatin.

What is the molecular state of Nitrogen Pentoxide ($N_2O_5$) in the solid state?

Ionic form $[NO_2]^+ [NO_3]^-$ (nitronium nitrate).

What is the catalyst used in the Ostwald's process for Nitric Acid manufacture?

Platinum or rhodium gauze catalyst.

Describe the composition of 'Aqua Regia'.

A mixture of 75% conc. $HCl$ and 25% conc. $HNO_3$ (3 parts $HCl$ to 1 part $HNO_3$).

Which allotrope of phosphorus is stored under water to prevent spontaneous ignition?

White (or yellow) phosphorus.

What is the bond angle in a $P_4$ molecule of white phosphorus?

$60^{\circ}$.

What is the solid state structure of $PCl_5$?

Ionic, existing as $[PCl_4]^+$ (tetrahedral) and $[PCl_6]^-$ (octahedral).

Name the mixed oxide of lead with the formula $Pb_3O_4$.

Red lead.

What is the definition of Holme's signal?

A mixture of $CaC_2$ and $Ca_3P_2$ used in a sealed tin that reacts with water to produce flammable $C_2H_2$ and $PH_3$.

How is Ozone ($O_3$) prepared?

By passing a silent electric discharge through pure dry oxygen in an ozoniser.

What is the volume strength definition for $H_2O_2$?

One mL of $H_2O_2$ solution produces 'x' mL of $O_2$ gas at NTP.

What is the Frasch process used for?

Mining large deposits of underground elemental sulphur using superheated steam and compressed air.

What is the transition temperature between rhombic and monoclinic sulphur?

$95.5^{\circ}C$.

Name the formula for Caro's acid.

Peroxy monosulphuric acid ($H_2SO_5$).

Define 'Inert Pair Effect'.

The tendency of the outermost s-electrons to remain paired and not participate in bonding, leading to stability of lower oxidation states in heavy p-block elements like Lead ($Pb$) and Tin ($Sn$).

What is the most stable form of Fluorine in aqueous solutions?

The hydrogen bonded species $H_2F_2$.

What happens when fluorine is passed into a dilute solution (0.2%) of $NaOH$?

Oxygen difluoride ($OF_2$) is formed.

What catalytic process oxidizes $HCl$ by oxygen to produce chlorine gas?

Deacon's process.

What is the spin-only magnetic moment formula?

$\mu_s = \sqrt{n(n+2)} \, BM$ where $n$ is the number of unpaired electrons.

What color is the complex $[Fe(H_2O)_5NO]^{2+}$?

Brown.

In Werner's theory, what does 'Primary Valency' correspond to?

Oxidation state.

In Werner's theory, what does 'Secondary Valency' correspond to?

Coordination number.

What is a 'Chelating Ligand'?

A didentate or polydentate ligand that uses two or more donor atoms to bind to a single metal ion, forming a ring structure.

What is an 'Ambidentate Ligand'?

A monodentate ligand that can coordinate to the central metal atom through two different atoms (e.g., $NO_2^-$ can bind via $N$ or $O$).

What is the geometry of Nickel tetracarbonyl ($Ni(CO)_4$)?

Tetrahedral.

What is the hybridization of Pt in square planar $[PtCl_4]^{2-}$?

$dsp^2$ hybridization.

In Crystal Field Theory, which orbitals form the 'eg' set in an octahedral field?

$d_{z^2}$ and $d_{x^2-y^2}$.

In an octahedral field, what is the energy of the 't2g' orbitals relative to the barycentre?

They are lowered by $0.4 \Delta_0$.

What is the relationship between the tetrahedral splitting energy ($\Delta_t$) and octahedral splitting energy ($\Delta_0$)?

$\Delta_t = \frac{4}{9} \Delta_0$.

List the last four strong-field ligands in the spectrochemical series provided.

$NH_3 < en < CN^- < CO$.

What metal is central to Vitamin $B_{12}$?

Cobalt ($Co$).

What is Wilkinson's catalyst used for?

Hydrogenation of alkenes.

What is the product of the reaction between $KMnO_4$ and $C_2O_4^{2-}$ in acid medium?

$Mn^{2+}$, $CO_2$, and $H_2O$.

What type of iron is the purest form, containing the lowest percentage of carbon?

Wrought iron ($0.12$ to $0.25 \%$ carbon).

Describe 'Bassemerisation' in copper extraction.

The process of recovering copper from matte by partial oxidation of $Cu_2S$ followed by self-reduction ($2Cu_2O + Cu_2S \rightarrow 6Cu + SO_2$).