AP Biology Unit 1: Nucleic Acids and Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules that carry hereditary information

DNA name

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA function

stores genetic info in an organism

RNA name

Ribonucleic acid

RNA function

carries the genetic info from the nucleus to the ribosome to build proteins

Nucleotide

Monomer of DNA or RNA

antiparallel

The 5' to 3' side matches up with the 3' to 5' side.

G is paired with?

C

A is paired with?

T

Purines

-A and G

-made of 2 rings

(think of pure Ag on periodic table)

Pyrimidines

-C and T

-made of 1 ring

(Think pyramids and cats)

Complementary base pairing

rule to apply to DNA/RNA Base pair association

Elements found in Proteins

C, H, O, N, (S)

Elements found in Nucleic Acids

C, H, O, N, P

*Transport Proteins

Carries substances, hemoglobin carries O2

*Structural Proteins

Physical (Keratin) and movement (myosin)

*Defense Proteins

Antibodies fight against infection

*Gene Regulation Proteins

Determine when genes are expressed

*Enzymes Proteins

Catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions

*Hormonal Proteins

Signals that circulate and elicit a response elsewhere in the body

*Receptor Proteins

In the membrane - it can recognize a signal outside of the cell and cause a response in the cell

monomers of proteins

amino acids

amine group

NH2

carboxyl group

-C-O-O-H

Primary structure

linear sequence of amino acids as determined by DNA sequence

Secondary Structure

H bond interaction can create Alpha helices or can form beta pleated sheets

Tertiary Structure

The R groups interact with other R groups - ionic bonds, covalent bonds, H bonds, disulfide bridges, etc.

Quaternary Structure

Interaction of multiple polypeptides to form globular proteins

Denatured

Protein exposed to a non optimal temp, pH, and salinity levels can cause the shape of the protein to change so its performance is affected.

Functional group found in Nucleic acids

Phosphate

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.

monomer of proteins

amino acids