AP CHEM chapter 4 vocab

Acid

A substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; a proton donor.

Base

A substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution; a proton acceptor.

Complete ionic equation

An equation that shows all substances that are strong electrolytes as ions.

Dilution

The process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution.

Electrical conductivity

The ability to conduct an electric current.

End point

The point in a titration at which the indicator changes color.

Formula equation

An equation representing a reaction in solution showing the reactants and products in undissociated form, whether they are strong or weak electrolytes.

Hydration

The interaction between solute particles and water molecules.

Indicator

A chemical that changes color and is used to mark the end point of a titration.

Molarity

Moles of solute per volume of solution in liters.

Net ionic equation

An equation for a reaction in solution, where strong electrolytes are written as ions, showing only those components that are directly involved in the chemical change.

Neutralization reaction

An acid-base reaction.

Nonelectrolyte

A substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a nonconducting solution.

Oxidation

An increase in oxidation state (a loss of electrons).

Oxidation states

A concept that provides a way to keep track of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions according to certain rules.

Polar molecule

A molecule that has a permanent dipole moment.

Precipitation reaction

A reaction in which an insoluble substance forms and separates from the solution.

Reducing agent (electron donor)

A reactant that donates electrons to another substance to reduce the oxidation state of one of its atoms.

Oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction

A reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred.

Oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)

A reactant that accepts electrons from another reactant.

Reduction

A decrease in oxidation state (a gain of electrons).

Solubility

The amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature.

Solute

A substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution.

Solvent

The dissolving medium in a solution.

Spectator ions

Ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction.

Standard solution

A solution whose concentration is accurately known.

Strong acid

An acid that completely dissociates to produce an H+ ion and the conjugate base.

Strong base

A metal hydroxide salt that completely dissociates into its ions in water.

Strong electrolyte

A material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently.

Titration

A technique in which one solution is used to analyze another.

Volumetric analysis

A process involving titration of one solution with another.

Weak acid

An acid that dissociates only slightly in aqueous solution.

Weak base

A base that reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions to only a slight extent in aqueous solution.

Weak electrolyte

A material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts only a small electric current.