HCF Semester 2 Final

Endocrine, Reproductive, Urinary, Digestive/GI

Main function of the Reproductive System

Ensure the survival of the species

Primary Organs of the Reproductive System

Gonads (Sex glands)

The scrotum

is a pouch of skin containing the testicles and epididymis

where is the scrotum located?

directly behind the penis and in front of the anus

The penis

is composed of erectile tissue covered with skin

The testes are

two oval- shaped structures located inside the scrotum

Epididymis

is a tube where the sperm matures. It connects each testicle to each vas deferens and holds sperm before ejaculation.

Vas Deferens

is a long narrow tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles during ejaculation

Seminal Vesicles

two small organs that produce semen, the fluid that sperm moves around in.

Where are the seminal vesicles located?

below the bladder and connects to the vas deferens to form the ejaculatory duct.

Where is the Prostate gland located?

lies behind the urinary bladder and wraps around first inch of urethra where it exits the bladder.

Prostate gland

secretes fluid that aids in maintaing viability of sperm

The male Urethra

is a tube that carries urine, pre-ejaculate, and semen to the urethral opening and out of the body

breasts (mammary glands)

rounded structures made of fatty, glandular, and fibrous tissue that protrude from the chest

Areola

dark, pigmented circular area of skin surrounding the nipple

Nipple

elevated area in the center of the areola, found in someone of any gender.

The female urethra

the tube that carries urine

Mons pubis

pad of fatty, triangular shaped tissue covered with hair after puberty

Labia majora

two liplike folds of adipose tissue on either side of the vaginal opening.

Labia minora

two thin folds of skin within the labia majora that enclose the vagina

clitoris

small organ of erectile tissue that has numerous sensory nerves

where is the vagina located?

between the bladder and rectum

The Vagina

muscular canal that is the entrance to the reproductive tract. A passageway for discharge, mensuration, Intercourse and birth.

The Uterus

muscular organ that is located above the bladder and in front of the rectum.

Endometrium

innermost lining layer of the uterus. sheds during mensuration

Myometrium

middle and thickest layer of the uterus. stretches and expands as a fetus grows. during childbirth muscles contract to help push the child out.

perimetrium

outer layer of the uterus. acts as a protective membrane

The Cervix

the narrow inferior portion of the uterus that projects into the vagina

The Ovaries

located on either side of the uterus. produce eggs (ovum/ova) and hormones

Ovulation

each month, a follicle ruptures and a ovum or egg is released into the pelvic cavity and into one of the fallopian tubes.

fallopian tubes

extend laterally from each side of the uterus and bend inward toward each ovary. Serve as ducts to move the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and move sperm from the uterus to the ovary.

Cycle of Sperm

Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa

Menstruation

the monthly shedding of the endometrium of your uterus

egg (ovum)

made in the ovaries, female gamete

follicle

small sacs filled with fluid that are found inside a woman's ovaries. they are where the eggs mature.

corpus luteum

a temporary collection of cells that forms on your ovary each menstrual cycle.

Gestation

the process or period of developing inside the womb between conception and birth

Conception

fertilization, when a sperm and egg join together

Prenatal

before birth

postpartum

birth until body returns to pre-pregnant state (6 weeks)

miscarriage

a loss of a baby before the 20th week of pregnancy

stillbirth

loss of a baby after 20 weeks of pregnancy

preterm or premature

before 37 weeks

early term

between 37 and 38 weeks

full term

between 39 and 40 weeks

later term

between 41 and 42 weeks

post term

between 42 and beyond

Function of the Male Reproductive System

To produce androgens such as testosterone that maintain male reproductive function and to promote spermatogenesis and transport into the female reproductive system for fertilization

Function of the Female Reproductive System

Responsible for producing gametes (called eggs or ova), certain sex hormones, and maintaining fertilized eggs as they develop into mature fetuses and become ready for delivery

Reproductive cell of an animal or plant

A gamete

Semen

A fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system

The Vulva

Refers to the external female genitalia (labia majora and minora, clitoris, vaginal opening, urethra, and mons pubis)

Menstruation Cycle

1. Menses phase

2. Follicular phase

3. Ovulation

4. Luteal phase

The Menses Phase

This phase begins on the first day of your period. It's when the lining of your uterus sheds through your vagina if pregnancy hasn't occurred. Estrogen and Progesterone hormone levels drop because there is no pregnancy

The Follicular Phase

This phase begins on the day you get your period and ends at ovulation (it overlaps with the menses phase and ends when you ovulate). During this time, the level of the hormone estrogen rises, which causes the endometrium) to grow and thicken and follicle-stimulating hormone causes follicles in your ovaries to grow.

Ovulation Phase

This phase occurs roughly at about day 14. A sudden increase in another hormone — luteinizing hormone (LH) — causes your ovary to release its egg.

The Luteal Phase

During this phase, your egg leaves your ovary and begins to travel through your fallopian tubes to your uterus. The level of the hormone progesterone rises to help prepare your uterine lining for pregnancy. If the egg becomes fertilized by sperm and attaches itself to your uterine wall, you become pregnant

Intersex

People who have genitals, chromosomes or reproductive organs that don't fit into a male/female sex binary.

Placenta

An organ that is made only during pregnancy

Umbilical Cord

A rope-like cord connecting the fetus to the placenta. Contains 2 arteries and a vein. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.

Amniotic Sac

A thin-walled sac that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy

Zygotic Stage

Formed when the male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (egg) fuse

Blastocyst Stage

A hollow ball of cells which were previously a zygote

Embryonic Stage

The major internal organs and external features begin to emerge. In this state, the heart, brain, and spinal cord become visible. Arms and legs start to develop

Fetal Stage

Once the formed features of embryo begin to grow and develop, the organism is considered a fetus. Differentiation and specialization of structures happens during this time

The First Trimester

0-12 weeks

The Second Trimester

13-27 weeks

The Third Trimester

week 28-childbirth

1st Stage of Labor (Dilation Phase)

First and longest stage of labor. Cervix begins to thin and soften

2nd Stage of Labor (Expulsion Phase)

Pushing and birth at 10cm

3rd Stage of Labor (Placental Stage)

Delivery of placenta after birth

4th Stage of Labor

Recovery and breastfeeding

Endocrine System

Consists of glands that secrete substances called hormones into the bloodstream and it controls many important functions including growth & development, metabolism, and reproduction

Glands

An organ that makes one or more substances, such as hormones, digestive juices, sweat, tears, saliva, or milk

Hormones

“Chemical messengers”, each hormone coordinates and directs specific activities of the body

Hypothalamus

Body’s coordinating center; maintains homeostasis by regulating hormones and signals to other glands

Hypothalamus Hormone

Dopamine

Pineal Gland

A tiny pinecone-shaped gland that helps control the circadian rhythm of sleep and wakefulness

Circadian Rhythm

Changes that occur in response to light and dark

Pineal Gland Hormone

Melatonin (MEL)

Pituitary Gland

A tiny gland known as the “master gland” because the hormones it produces regulate other glands

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Produces hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, response to stress, and lactation

Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

• Growth Hormone (GH)

• Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

• Prolactin Hormone (PRL)

• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Stores and releases two hormones that are produced and controlled by the hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones

• Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

• Oxytocin (Oxt)

Thyroid Gland

A butterfly-shaped gland that produces hormones that regulate body metabolism and reduce the amount of calcium in the blood

Thyroid Gland Hormones

• Thyroxine (T4)

• Triiodothyronine (T3)

• Calcitonin

Parathyroid Gland

Small pea-sized glands that maintain the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the blood

*Calcium and phosphorus have an inverse relationship

Parathyroid Gland Hormone

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Thymus Gland

An organ of the immune system that’s larger and more active during infancy and early childhood, and begins to atrophy as we age, but helps stimulate cells in the immune system

Thymus Gland Hormone

• Thymosin

  • Thymosin a1

  • Thymosin ß4

  • Somatomedin C

  • Thymopoietin

Pancreas

An elongated, tapered organ that releases hormones which help regulate digestion and blood sugar

Pancreas Hormone

Insulin

Adrenal Glands

Small, triangular-shaped glands that produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, response to stress, and other essential functions

Adrenal Cortex

(Outer) produces about 30 hormones that can be classified into three basic groups

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

• Glucocorticoids

• Mineralocorticoids

• Androgens

Adrenal Medulla

(Inner section) produces hormones that work with the sympathetic nervous system and cause the “fight or flight” response

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

• Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

• Norepinephrine

Ovaries

Paired, oval-shaped organs that produce hormones that play an important role in female traits, such as breast development, body shape, and body hair

Ovaries Hormones

• Estrogen

• Progesterone