AP Human Geography: Unit 2: AP review

east asia, india

What regions in the world is it most densley populated?

natural/enviromental/physical, economic, social/cultural, political

What factors influence the distribution of a population?

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

carrying capacity

the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources without damaging the enviroment or using natural resources unsustainabiliy

LDCs

Do MDCS or LDCS have higher agricultural density?

social services and infrastructure

How does population distribution and density affect society?
-high population density impacts acess to houses, jobs, water and services like sanitation (medical care)
-easier and cheaper to provide support to clustered populations
-rural areas are harder to support

economic

How does population distribution and density affect society?
-competition for jobs
-urbanization
-uneven population distribution results in uneven development
-scattered/dispersed population
-lower wages- less access to people-less developed

political

How does population distribution and density affect society?
- representation in goverment
-electoral districts which have to be roughly equal in population size

natural/enviromental/physical

How does population distribution and density affect society?
- carrying capacity
- high population density: pressure on the arable land, water, resources, food supply
- air and water pollution, depletion of natural resources, use of large amounts of energy, excessive waste

Population structure

what percentage of population are children, elderly, male, female

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

dependency ratio

the number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working age group multiplied by 100 (under age 15 and over age 65)

high

HIGH OR LOW DEPENDENCY RATIO?
- many people not working
- not earning an income
- not paying tax
- working population face higher taxes

sex ratio

the proportion of males to females in a population

Pro-Natalist Policies

increases fertility rate and acclerate population growth (STAGE 4 AND 5 COUNTRIES)

aging population, declining populations, more people in labor force

Why would a popualtion be pro-natalist?

propoganda, financial support, length and paid maternity/paternity leave, free/subsized child care, tax breaks for children

What are some methods populations try to promote pro-natalist policies?

Anti-Natalist Policies

goverment policies to decrease fertility rate and slow down population growth (STAGE 2 COuntries)

over popualtion and rapid growth, limited resources and infrastructure, reduce the risk of famine

WHy would a popualtion enforce anti-natalist policies?

propoganda, financial disincentives and incestives, fines and taxes per child, family planning and contraception

How do popualtions promote anti-natalist policies?

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics.

East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia

2/3rds of the world's inhabitants are clusetred in four regions, what are they? These areas are generally low lying areas with fertile soil, and temperate climate

Stage 1 DTM

Low growth, High CBR, High CDR, Low NIR, small population

Stage 2 DTM

High Growth, High CBR, Rapidly declining CDR, High NIR

Stage 3 DTM

Moderate Growth, Rapidly Declining CBR, Moderately Declining CDR, Moderate NIR

Stage 4 DTM

Low Growth, Very Low CBR, Low or Slightly increasing CDR, Zero or Negative NIR

Stage 5 DTM

very low CBR, increasing CDR, declining NIR

Thomas Malthus theory

the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply or other resources is linear, which eventually reduces living standards to the point of triggering a population die off.

Neo-Malthusians

world population growth is outstripping a wide varity of resources, not just food production

crude birth rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

infant mortality rate

The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

total fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Immigration

the movement INTO a location

Emigration

the movement AWAY (or exiting from) a location

net migration

the difference between the number of emigrants and the number of immigrants in a country

push factors

a negative circumstance, event, or condition that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (EX: job loss, lack of employment, low wages)

pull factors

positive conditions and perceptions that induce people to new locations from other areas (EX: job oppurtunities, higher wages, seasonal jobs)

friction of distance

the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

stage 4

WHat is the ideal stage to be in the DTM?

Epidemiologic Transition Model

A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

intervening obstacle

Barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel

intervening opportunity

an oppurtunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling

Voluntary Migration

TYPES OF MIGRATION
people migrate due to their own choices

Involuntary (forced) migration

TYPES OF MIGRATION
people relocate due to fears of violence or survival

Transhumance

TYPES OF MIGRATION
a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures (EX: farmers, nomads, much of spain)

enslaved person

being forced to work for someone unpaid. (EX: atlantic slave trade, human trafficking)

Refugees

FORCED MIGRATION
someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence (EX: syrians, afghanistan)

transnational migration

TYPES OF MIGRATION
migration from one country to another (EX: U.S to China)

Internal Migration

TYPES OF MIGRATION
movement of people from one area to another within a country (EX: move from mInneaplois to mankato)

Chain Migration

TYPES OF MIGRATION
immigrants migrate to a location based off of familys/friends

step migration

TYPES OF MIGRATION
migration that occurs in steps to reah a destination through small movements (EX: migraton from rural)

Rural-urban migration

TYPES OF MIGRATION
people moving from rural to urban areas (EX: industrial revolution)

Guest Worker Migration

TYPES OF MIGRATION
someone who has permission to live temporarilly in a country (EX: people from LDCs)

assylum seeker

FORCED MIGRATIOn
someone who has migrated to another country because of persucution; want to seek sancutuary (EX: rwandans)

migration selectivity

how likely someone is to migrate based on age, income, and socio-economic factors

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

MODELS OF MIGRATION
1. migration is typically short in distance
2. migration occurs in steps
3. urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migrants
4. every migration generates a counter-migration
5. young, single, adult males are more likel to migrate than females (Women will migrate shorter distances)
6.(most) migration is due to economic factors

gravity model

MODELS OF MIGRATION
Closer places attract more migrants than distant places. Gravitational pull: lrage places attarct more migrants than smaller
CRITICISMS: doesnt include migration selectivity, factors like age and education. Human behavior doesnt always follow a specific pattern

Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

MODELS OF MIGRATION
attempts to predict migration based on stages of development. involves external migration with stage 2 and intraregional migration with many stages
CRITSICMS: doesnt take account for push/pull factors besides economy/development. no data is used.

-colonial settlements in the 17th and 18th century
- mass european immigration is 19th and 20th century
- asian and latin america late 20th and early 21st century

What are some historic migration flows in the U.S?

internally displaced person

Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

1) increases in the population, with adverse effects on existing social institutions; 2) increases in demand for goods and services; 3) displacement of nationals from occupations in the countryside and in the cities

What are some consequences of migration?

Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries