Studied by 3 people
east asia, india
What regions in the world is it most densley populated?
natural/enviromental/physical, economic, social/cultural, political
What factors influence the distribution of a population?
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Arithmetic Density
The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit area of arable land
Agricultural Density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land
carrying capacity
the maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources without damaging the enviroment or using natural resources unsustainabiliy
LDCs
Do MDCS or LDCS have higher agricultural density?
social services and infrastructure
How does population distribution and density affect society? -high population density impacts acess to houses, jobs, water and services like sanitation (medical care) -easier and cheaper to provide support to clustered populations -rural areas are harder to support
economic
How does population distribution and density affect society? -competition for jobs -urbanization -uneven population distribution results in uneven development -scattered/dispersed population -lower wages- less access to people-less developed
political
How does population distribution and density affect society?
representation in goverment -electoral districts which have to be roughly equal in population size
natural/enviromental/physical
How does population distribution and density affect society?
carrying capacity
high population density: pressure on the arable land, water, resources, food supply
air and water pollution, depletion of natural resources, use of large amounts of energy, excessive waste
Population structure
what percentage of population are children, elderly, male, female
Population Pyramid
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
dependency ratio
the number of people in a dependent age group divided by the number of people in the working age group multiplied by 100 (under age 15 and over age 65)
high
HIGH OR LOW DEPENDENCY RATIO?
many people not working
not earning an income
not paying tax
working population face higher taxes
sex ratio
the proportion of males to females in a population
Pro-Natalist Policies
increases fertility rate and acclerate population growth (STAGE 4 AND 5 COUNTRIES)
aging population, declining populations, more people in labor force
Why would a popualtion be pro-natalist?
propoganda, financial support, length and paid maternity/paternity leave, free/subsized child care, tax breaks for children
What are some methods populations try to promote pro-natalist policies?
Anti-Natalist Policies
goverment policies to decrease fertility rate and slow down population growth (STAGE 2 COuntries)
over popualtion and rapid growth, limited resources and infrastructure, reduce the risk of famine
WHy would a popualtion enforce anti-natalist policies?
propoganda, financial disincentives and incestives, fines and taxes per child, family planning and contraception
How do popualtions promote anti-natalist policies?
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics.
East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia
2/3rds of the world's inhabitants are clusetred in four regions, what are they? These areas are generally low lying areas with fertile soil, and temperate climate
Stage 1 DTM
Low growth, High CBR, High CDR, Low NIR, small population
Stage 2 DTM
High Growth, High CBR, Rapidly declining CDR, High NIR
Stage 3 DTM
Moderate Growth, Rapidly Declining CBR, Moderately Declining CDR, Moderate NIR
Stage 4 DTM
Low Growth, Very Low CBR, Low or Slightly increasing CDR, Zero or Negative NIR
Stage 5 DTM
very low CBR, increasing CDR, declining NIR
Thomas Malthus theory
the idea that population growth is potentially exponential while the growth of the food supply or other resources is linear, which eventually reduces living standards to the point of triggering a population die off.
Neo-Malthusians
world population growth is outstripping a wide varity of resources, not just food production
crude birth rate
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
crude death rate
The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
infant mortality rate
The percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country.
Natural Increase Rate
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
total fertility rate
The average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years.
doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Migration
the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another
Immigration
the movement INTO a location
Emigration
the movement AWAY (or exiting from) a location
net migration
the difference between the number of emigrants and the number of immigrants in a country
push factors
a negative circumstance, event, or condition that causes people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (EX: job loss, lack of employment, low wages)
pull factors
positive conditions and perceptions that induce people to new locations from other areas (EX: job oppurtunities, higher wages, seasonal jobs)
friction of distance
the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance
Demographic Transition Model
A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.
stage 4
WHat is the ideal stage to be in the DTM?
Epidemiologic Transition Model
A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
intervening obstacle
Barriers that hold migrants back from continuing to travel
intervening opportunity
an oppurtunity that causes migrants to voluntarily stop traveling
Voluntary Migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION people migrate due to their own choices
Involuntary (forced) migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION people relocate due to fears of violence or survival
Transhumance
TYPES OF MIGRATION a seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures (EX: farmers, nomads, much of spain)
enslaved person
being forced to work for someone unpaid. (EX: atlantic slave trade, human trafficking)
Refugees
FORCED MIGRATION someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence (EX: syrians, afghanistan)
transnational migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION migration from one country to another (EX: U.S to China)
Internal Migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION movement of people from one area to another within a country (EX: move from mInneaplois to mankato)
Chain Migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION immigrants migrate to a location based off of familys/friends
step migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION migration that occurs in steps to reah a destination through small movements (EX: migraton from rural)
Rural-urban migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION people moving from rural to urban areas (EX: industrial revolution)
Guest Worker Migration
TYPES OF MIGRATION someone who has permission to live temporarilly in a country (EX: people from LDCs)
assylum seeker
FORCED MIGRATIOn someone who has migrated to another country because of persucution; want to seek sancutuary (EX: rwandans)
migration selectivity
how likely someone is to migrate based on age, income, and socio-economic factors
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
MODELS OF MIGRATION
migration is typically short in distance
migration occurs in steps
urban areas attract both long-distance and rural migrants
every migration generates a counter-migration
young, single, adult males are more likel to migrate than females (Women will migrate shorter distances) 6.(most) migration is due to economic factors
gravity model
MODELS OF MIGRATION Closer places attract more migrants than distant places. Gravitational pull: lrage places attarct more migrants than smaller CRITICISMS: doesnt include migration selectivity, factors like age and education. Human behavior doesnt always follow a specific pattern
Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition
MODELS OF MIGRATION attempts to predict migration based on stages of development. involves external migration with stage 2 and intraregional migration with many stages CRITSICMS: doesnt take account for push/pull factors besides economy/development. no data is used.
-colonial settlements in the 17th and 18th century
mass european immigration is 19th and 20th century
asian and latin america late 20th and early 21st century
What are some historic migration flows in the U.S?
internally displaced person
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border
increases in the population, with adverse effects on existing social institutions; 2) increases in demand for goods and services; 3) displacement of nationals from occupations in the countryside and in the cities
What are some consequences of migration?
Remittances
Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries
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