History New Imperialism

Realpolitik

Realpolitik

Do whats neccessary rather than right in a government. Like Bismark, Machievelli. No morals,whats best for country as whole. Practical>Moral

What works vs what is "right". Also the security, prestige of the country. goal is to empower state not citizens.

Bakufu

Military government in Japan. Similar strcture to feudal system. Japan had been fragmented. Tokugawa family came to power. Previously no influential central authority. Power wasn't really centralized, rather in hands of local leaders called Daimyo

Meiji restoration

Called restoration to show strength, saying japans simply restoring power of emperor. Restructures governmetn with cabinet, constitution. Abandons samurai, instead choses government based off merit. Requires military service, creates loyalty to emperor, pride in nation. Also compulsary education. Heavily and rapidly industrializes.

Charter oath

A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

Padre Hidalgo

Influential leader of the Mexican Revolution of 1810, a priest who led peasant rebellion. Gained

Porfiro diaz

The Mexican Dictator overthrown by Francisco Madero in 1911

Urabi's Revolt

1881 revolt against british rule which he led.

International association of the Congo

Organization through which Leopold controlled Congo, made to sound like a humanitarian organization. He told everyone he was helping, saving them while in reality they were essentially enslaved.

Tribute system

Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute—produce of value from their countries—to the Chinese emperor (although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable).

Canton System

used to control western trade: trading confined to port of Canton in S. China. Trade run by hong merchants. Hoppo would collect taxes. Traders confined to factories. British start to not like system.

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

Lin Zexu (Commissioner Lin)

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War

Paramountcy

Since the British were the paramount power in India, they could take over territories where rulers governed irresponsibly.

Anglicists

Those in favor of adobting English culture in India

Constitutionalists

Group that wanted a proper constitution for Mexico. (mostly urban) --ultimately claim victory 1917

British Colonies in South Africa

Cape and Natal Colonies

Outcome of war between British and Boers

British, much stronger military. Annexed SAR and Orange Free State. Some revolts but none succesful. Ends in Treaty of Vereeniging

Maori

indigenous people of New Zealand, descended from Polynesian explores who arrived in 1300s

aboriginals

The indigenous people of Australia; arrived 40,000 years ago; mistreated by European settlers.

Blackbirding

the colonial practice of abducting the populations of areas, often islands, and resettling them as a labor force in some other part of the world. Practiced by British in Australia with Aborginals.

Giuseppe Mazzini (the heart)

Nationalist leader who created the Young Italy movement. Wanted pope to unify italy under religion since god creates borders, pope just enforcing. Also wanted democratic republic. Pope says no bc doesn't want to get involved in politics.

Garibaldi (the hand)

Was exiled a few times for supporting Mazzini and participating in rebellions for democracy. So starts taking territory in south as Leader of the Red Shirts. Challenges Piedmont Sardinia's expansion in the North. Agrees to give them his territory to create unified Italy, making him hero.

Count of Cavour (Camillo Benso) (the head)

Prime minister and brains of Victor Emmanuel. Italian equivelent of Bismark. Tricks france into starting war with Austria, Italy wins which creates nationalism without helping france.

Victor Emmanuel (the beneficiary)

King of Piedmont Sardinia. Benefits greatly from unification. His original territory (piedmont-sardinai) becomes economic center of Italy. Helps industrialize entire country, especially north. Still monarchy, garibaldi allowed back to create unified italy in turn for surrendering his territory.

What year did italy unify

1861

Why did Italy want to unify?

To challenge growing powers like Britian, france, germany

Otto van Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia (largest state in Northern Germany); wanted a greater, unified Germany (smaller Southern states to join Prussia; preferred "iron and blood" to diplomacy. Very successful. Retained support of King William I throughout which enabled his long term influence.

How did Bismarck create nationalism?

He started wars against France and Denmark which all Prussians and Austrians disliked. By gaining territory and attempting to assert Germany has a european power, people unified. Essentially found common enemies.

When did Germany unify?

1871

Negative Integration

Building a community or nation by finding enemies or targeting certain categories of individuals to be outcast. Used by Bismark, Machievelli, Cavour, etc. A nation defined by what people are not, who they do not like, want to be rather than a shared identity or values.

How are nations created?

Sometimes naturally through shared heritage and values or challenges, other times through manipulative governments or leaders through negaitve integration.

Shogun

Head of Bakufu government, technically title given by emperor but emperor had no real power.

Tokugawa government.

Japanese Bakufu government known for its stability rather than power. Started to lose power as Daimyo became more influential since they controled local resources and taxes.

Daimyo

Local leaders under Bakufu government

Samurai

Technically warrior class who had become bureaucrats in the absence of war for hundreds of years. Daimyo payed them salary to stay

Mathew Perry

commodore of American navy who forced the Japanese to open their doors to US trade. Arrived in 1853. Bakufu forced to sign treaties to due strength of American navy. SImilar to Chinese unequal treaties after Opium wars.

Japanese Nationalism

In response to American influence forced them to reconsider values, attitude towards foreginers. Daimyo started to rebel against Tokugawa. They won, convinced Meiji Emperor to abandon Bakufu in favor of stronger and more modern government so it could keep its independence.

Meiji Emperor

Didn't have ton of power but nationalism centered around him.

Why did Japan isolate itself?

The rise of european ideas and technologies such as Christianity and guns threatened Japanese culture and stability.

Sino-Japanese War

war between China and Japan in which Japan gained Taiwan. Japan starts to become imperialist power iteslf, replaces China as dominant asian power.

russo-japanese war

War between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.

Why were Latin American countries colonized?

Mostly for their natural resources and for the spread of christianity. Brazil for its coffee crops.

Peninuslares

Spanish-born residents of the New World

Creoles

Spaniards born in Latin America

Why was Brazil such an important colony?

It experienced economic success and housed the Portugese royal family when they fled the Napoleonic wars.

How did Brazil gain independence?

When King of portugal returned to Portugal, he left his son, Pedro in charge. He was encouraged to declare Brazil independent and thus he became King Pedro of Brazil. Peaceful seperation, no big war.

How did Brazil's social heirarchy change after it gained independence.?

Since it didn't undergo a violent or distruptive revolution, the social heirarchy didn't change much, leaving slavery in place into the 19th century.

Why did Mexico fight for independence?

Complex but native people naturally sought independence from Spanish imperialists. Creoles didn't identify with peninsulares. Peninsulares eventually joined fight as liberalism rose. (wanted to seperate to retain their status).

Getúlio Vargas

Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy; leaned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954.

Estado novo

the Brazilian regime created by Getulio Vargas, 1937-1945. The Estado Novo's industrialization program and general expansion of government activities were typical of mid-1900s nationalist movements.

Francisco Madero

Early leader in the Mexican Revolution; in 1911 became president of Mexico; wanted land ownership and free, honest elections, two years later he was murdered, led to power struggles

Import-substitution industrialization

An economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. (823)

Oil expropriation

Mexican leader Cardenas implemented this which gave mexico rights to their oil (from british).

Mamluks

Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves. Beaten by Ottomans

Anglo-egyptian war

1882 invasion of British into Egypt, resulted in occupation of Egypt by British

Veiled Protectorate

Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power. Happened with Britain in Egypt.

Why did Europeans practice imperialism in Egypt?

Egypt offered powerful land which connected Europe, Asia and Africa. The construction of the Suez canal gave Britain faster access to their territories and trade partners in China and India.

Colonel Ahmed Arabi

Due to issues in Egypt, he formed the Egyptian Nationalist party against Europe powers; he also forced Ismail to abdicate in favor of his weak son, Tewfiq; Arabi led revolt against Brits but lost

Khedive

This was the equivalent of a king in Egypt

Khedive Ismail

westernized as much as he possibly could and went into massive debt building the suez canal. Submitted to British and French

Khedive Tawfiq

King during Urabi revolts

Why did Leopold colonize Congo?

For its rubber and ivory. He was also losing power domestically to democratic parliment, but could have absolute power in Congo (he technically owned).

King Leopold

King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Practiced in Congo

Henry Morton Stanley

Famous explorer of Africa who was the first to cross the continent; he helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. Basically implemented all of Leopold's plans, his representative in Africa.

Congo Reform Association

Group began by E.D. Morel that fought against Leopold II's exploitation of the Congo. Ultimately succeeded through the efforts of John & Alice Harris. Abuse initially revealed by missionaries

Congo Free State

a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to secretly treat the people of the colony very badly until he was forced to give it up.

What caused naitonalism in China?

Intially against Manchus who overthrew Ming Dynasty. Han (ethnic people) didn't like that. Later against British influence

Han Chinese

Inhabitants of China proper who considered others to be outsiders. They felt that they were the only authentic Chinese.

Ming Dynasty

The ruling power before Manchu invasion

Qing Dynasty

Dynsasty of Manchus who overthrew Ming.

What did Britain trade with China?

Tea and later Opium. Opium's addictive nature made it a predictable export easy to use for profit. Naturally, many chinese became addicted, government banned.

Cixi - Empress Dowager

a Chinese empress dowager and regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years from 1861 until her death in 1908. Controlled through her kids who were actual rules, she was Machievellian.

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

British East India Company

set up trading posts in India in the 1600s, beginning the British economic interest there

India Act of 1858

The British Parliament passed this act which wrested away the last vestiges of political authority from the East India Company and gave full political control of India to the British government

Why did Britain practice Mercantilism in India?

Britain wanted India for its raw goods not processed. They deindustrialized to maximize cotton and tea output which would be used and processed in Britain.

Extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman and Japanese cities were granted this right. Maybe India also

Lapse definition

If a kingdom had no heir to a throne, the British could legally take it instead.

Cause of Indian Nationalism

Britain wanted India to become a proper colony which meant English education, seen as indoctrination. Ghandi led charge to abolish or boycott British education.

Sepoy

An Indian soldier serving under British command.

Sepoy rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Orientalists

Indian belief that their culture should remain and British should not

James Andrew Brown Ramsey/ Maquis de Dalhousie

under his rule India becomes more westernized (railroads, telegraphs, unified mail system); also allowed for social reform

Dalhousie Reforms

Modernized India through railoards, telegraphs, mail system. ALso instrodcued standard english education.

Indian National Congress

Indian nationalist group formed to work for rights and power for Indians under British rule. Led by Gandhi

Lord Canning

Viceroy of India during 1857 revolt

British reason for South Africa

Strategic Military position in Napoleonic wars

Dutch reason for South Africa

Diamond/mineral mines very profitable especially with slavery

Why British fight Boers?

Wanted control of mines, their workers were suffereing there didn't get any profit. Dutch also used slaves which British were against.

Dutch colonies in South Africa

SAR/Transvaal and Orange Free State

Treaty of Vereeniging, 1902

Declared the British the winners● Created a Self-Governing state● The Bergers (dutch middle class) wouldn't bepersecuted in court for anything they did duringthe war● Dutch language would be taught in schools inTransvaal and Orange Free State.● Left it up to the government to decide what to dowith the Native People, who wouldn't haverepresentation in the Government● The Dutch failed to achieve what they wanted inthe war but were not severely punished.

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. Gave native people no rights

African national Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality. Later led by Nelson Mandela, how he became president

Captain James Cook

English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).

Treaty of Waitangi

The treaty signed by the British and Maori in 1840 giving Britain control over New Zealand. Maori were grateful for British technology, not forced into treaty.

Why Britain in New Zealand?

For trade, especially whaling

Why Britain in Australia

Used as Penal colony, gradually grew into larger settlement. 1851 gold rush furthered this