HS 201 Exam 1 NCSU

Horticulture

culture of garden plants

-used primarily in its living state

-highly perishable

-high in constituent water (~%90)

-intensively cultivated

Botany

study of plant growth and development

Agronomy/Forestry

management of plants for increased production

-not individually focused, but acreage

-less intensive management

-appearance less important

Olericulture

Veggies

#1 Veggie Producer

California

Pomology

fruits

Post Harvest Physiology

extending the keeping quality(shelf life) of horticultural products

*roses, bananas, Christmas trees

Viticulture

grapes

Enology

wine and making of wine

Hampton Court Palace

fallow(plantless) soil for root growth of 'The Vine'

Floriculture

flowers

Poinsettia flower color

Yellow

Greenhouse Management

growth of any plant in a greenhouse

Turf Grass Management

turf grass

Nursery Management

outdoor growth and plants for landscpaes

Landscape Horticulture

designing spaces with plants

Biltmore Owner

George Washington Vanderbilt

-125,000 acres in Asheville

Biltmore Architect

Richard Morris Hunt

Biltmore Landscape Architect

Fredrick Law Olmsted

Interiorscaping

place and care for indoor plants

Horticultural Therapy

plants as a therapeutic tool

Arboriculture

trees

9/11 Ground Zero Significance?

'Surviving Tree' between towers

*Pyrus calleryana- Flowering pear

Plant Taxonomy/Nomenclature

placing plants into categories

*based on REPRODUCTIVE similarities

3 Main Reasons Leaves are Not a Deciding Factor

1) Genetic

2) Age/Maturity

3) Environmental Stimuli

Polymorphic

different leaf shapes

-green backs vs. brown backs

shade/sun impact

shade are larger and darker green

*maple planting N vs. S: N more shady, S is sunny

-canopy of tree

Why are reproductive traits better to classify?

Bonsai tree- small, but with regular sized flowers

Plant Kingdom

*Divisions/Phylum- 14

Division: Tracheophyta

Trachea (throat)

-"higher" plants with roots, stems and leaves that can conduct water, nutrients, and photosynthetic products through the plants

How many classes in tracheophyta ?

3

Class: GYMNOSPERMAE

-plants producing naked seeds(cones), no flowers

-around 1000 different species

-uses: pulp, lumber, paper, ornament, rosin, terpentine

Gymnospermae Examples

-cycads, ginkos, conifers

Example of conifer

Pinus lambertiana - sugar pine

-tallest most massive pine

-longest cones of ANY conifer

Class: ANGIOSPERMAE

-fruit bearing plants

-250,000-300,000 different species

-plants having broad leaves

uses: food, fiber, beverage, paper, oils, spices

Class: FILICINAE

Ferns

*spores

2 subclasses in Angriospermae

Monocotyledonae

Dicotyledonae

Monoct

-only one cotyledon(seed leaf)

-flower parts in multiples of three

-leaves with parallel venation

-50,000 different species

-grasses, palms, lilies, iris, orchids

Dicot

- two cotyledons

-flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5

-leaves with reticulated veins

-200,000 different species

-deciduous trees, shrubs, fruit trees

3 orders in subclass monocot?

-Liliales: lilies

-Palmales: palms

-Graminales: grasses

Graminales Family?

Poaceae- grasses

Family

a group of closely related genera, based on certain plant structures or on their biochemistry

*end in ACEAE

Rosaceae

roses, apples, pear, strawberry

Genus

a group of plants WITHIN a family that are similar

-group of plants with REPRODUCTIVE similarities

Oak genus?

Quercus

Maple genus?

Acer

Pine genus?

Pinus

Dogwood genus?

Cornus

Holly genus?

Ilex

What is our class?

mammal

Species

a group of plants within a genus that share similar vegetative and reproductive characteristics

Common Names

-created by people

-no rules

-a plant can have MANY common names

Naming of plants invented by Swedish botanist:

Carl Linnaeus

*wrote Species Plantarum in 1753

Plant Nomenclature

assignment of names utilizing a formal system

-plants have many common names but only ONE scientific name

Binomial System language

Latin

Binomial system: GENUS

-always capitalized and underline

*Quercus: oak

-noun

Binomial system: SPECIFIC EPITHET

-never capitalized

-always underlined or italicized

-adjective

Genus + Specific epithet =

Species

advantages of Binomial System?

-avoids confusion of common names

-international in use

-name is descriptive and often shows relationships

-related plants have similar environmental and cultural requirements

Variation WITHIN a species

-plants in same species vary from one another, but not enough to make a new species

-size, habit, leaf color, flower color, fruit color

Botanical Variety

a group of plants within a species that have unique and INHERITABLE characteristics

"Come True From Seed"

var.

variety abbreviation

Cultivar

variations NOT inheritable and require human intervention to perpetuate

*single quotes and capitalized

Can a variety have a cultivar?

yes

Hybrid

plant cross

Interspecific Hybrid

when two species OF THE SAME GENUS are crossed

-designated by placing and "x" between genus and specific epithet

Intergeneric Hybrid

when two separate genera are crossed

-designated by placing an "X" in front of the genus

Woody

hard tissue. permanent

Herbacous

plants having soft, succulent, temporary tissue

Evergreen

retains some foliage annually

Deciduous

looses foliage in winter

Annual

completes life cycle(from seed to seed) in one growing season

Biennial

2 years: first year vegetative growth, second year reproductive growth

*ex: carrot

Perennial

3+ years

-herbaceous perennials die back to the ground

-woody perennials are not killed back

Volunteer Plants

annuals that "appear" to act like perennials

-do die but have seeds that overwinter and germinate next season

Cold Hardy

how adaptable/ able to handle cold

"Tender"

opposite of hardy

-marginally hardy: so-so survival

Tolerance to Heat

Southern conifers

ex: Christmas trees cant handle heat, so they're grown in the mountains

Hardiness Zone

-11 zones based upon average minimal temperatures

-Zone 1: Coldest

-Zone 11: Below frost line

How many zones in NC?

3

-mountain (6)

-Piedmont (7)

-coast (8)

Hardiness zone map

USDA

Microclimates

pockets withing hardiness zones that are protected and therefore warmer

-big scale: oceans

-small scale: protection from wind, south side of building (radiant heat)

Ground Cover

plant that covers ground, highly functional

-prevent erosion, natural fence, decrease infiltration

Vines

woody/herbaceous, usually invasive

-vines climb by:

1. using tendrils(modified leaves)

2. adventitious roots

3. twinning (hoping to find something to grow and wrap around)

Shrubs

multistem woody plants, smaller

Trees

single stem (trunk) planted, larger

Monoecious

"one house" -> flowers of both sexes on same plant

Dioecious

"two houses" -> flower of each sex on different plants

*ex: Holly

Why is sexual condition important?

sometime you may want undesirable fruit (male) or desirable fruit (female)

*ex: Ginko biloba: "living fossil" from China, dioecious, females smell bad

*ex: Malcura pomifera: "Osage orange" dioecious, huge fruit

Border Plants

strip planting on the margin of a landscape design area.

Hedge

living green fence (tall or short) mostly planted in rows.

2 types of hedges

Barrier and Screen, barrier is used with spikey plants to keep people out while screen is used to block unwanted noise or views.

3 characteristics of a screen plant

1. Evergreen 2. Gets tall enough 3. Grows Fast

Foundation Plant

plants placed next to buildings

Accent Plant

any plant that draws attention to a landscaped area because of its aesthetic features

Allee

Formal plants of trees that line a path/road with overlapping canopy

Espalier

A plant that is trained to grow in a flat plane against a wall, often in a symmetrical pattern (can be vines)

Topiary

Practice of training live plants to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes

-Geometric or fanciful

-Science and Art (living sculpture)

-Species used: Boxwood (Buxus), Holly (Ilex), Yew (Taxus)

Why they use Boxwood, Holly, Yew in Topiary

1. Small Leaves 2. Respond well to pruning

2 Topiary Gardens examples

Levens Hall and Ladew Topiary garden