VCE Biology Unit 1 Exam Revision

Ribosomes

Site of protein synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Contains ribosomes; proteins are manufactured here.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

creates lipids or fat

Nucleus

A membrane bound organelle that contains DNA

Chloroplasts

use light energy to make carbohydrates from water and carbon from carbon dioxide

Mitocondria

"Mitochondria produce the energy in the cell.

Aerobic respiration occurs here"

Golgi Body

Packages and ship proteins

Diffusion

the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space, from high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a membrane

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

Active Transport

moves substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration

Aerobic respiration

uses oxygen to convert glucose back into carbon dioxide and water

Cell

Basic unit of life and is composed a cell membrane and contains DNA/a nucleus

Organelle

a specialized part of a cell having some specific function; a cell organ. It cannot maintain a life by itself, it must rely on other components of the cell

Eukaryotic Cells

Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists; has a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic Cells

Bacteria; has NO true nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Photosynthesis

Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars

Guard cells

Control the opening and closing of stomata

Purpose is to regulate gas exchange

Root cell

specialized plant cell which absorbs water underground

Xylem

tissue that carries water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Positive feedback loop

Feedback loop that causes a system to change further in the same direction

Negative feedback loop

Output shuts off original effect of the stimulus

Effector

an organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus.

Receptor

receives the stimulus

Response

An action or change in behavior that occurs as a result of a stimulus.

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose found in both the liver and muscles

Glucose

A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.

Insulin

Hormone released by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar

ADH Hormone

increases water reabsorption and urine concentration - keeps water in the body

Pancreas

organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

Liver

This organ produces bile and stores glycogen

Phospholipid Bilayer

two layers of phospholipids are arranged tail-to-tail

Proteins

Made of amino acids

Protein channels

a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane

Cytoplasm

the internal environment of a cell.

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that does not require oxygen

Dependent Variable

The variable being measured in experiment.

Independent Variable

the variable that is manipulated in an experiment

Digestive System

body system that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

Circulatory System

the organ system that moves blood throughout the body

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen into the body and removes CO2, includes nose, trachea, and lungs.

Nervous System

Brain, nerve cells, spinal cord

Endocrine System

the glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Specialized cells

cell that is uniquely suited to performing a particular function

Nerve Cells

made of neuron, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process.

Adaptations

traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce

Thermoregulation

Process of the body maintaining a stable internal temperature under various conditions