MCB_410

The host-parasite relationship refers to the interaction between a host (an organism that provides nutrients and shelter) and a __________ (an organism that lives in or on the host, often causing harm).

parasite. Parasites derive nutrients from their host, which may lead to illness or disability for the host. Many parasites have complex life cycles that might involve multiple hosts and stages, and they can be classified into different types, such as protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites.

In __________, the parasite benefits while the host suffers.

parasitism

The host in which the parasite reaches its adult stage or undergoes sexual reproduction is known as the __________ host.

definitive

An __________ host is a host that is not usually infected but can be affected under certain conditions.

accidental

Host factors affecting host-parasite interactions include immune system strength, genetic resistance, age, and __________.

nutrition

The ability of a parasite to cause disease is termed __________.

virulence

The state where the host carries the parasite without showing symptoms is known as the __________ state.

carrier

Examples of parasitism include Plasmodium in __________.

malaria

The __________ postulates are a set of criteria developed to establish a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease.

Koch's

One step in bacterial pathogenesis involves the bacteria __________ to host tissues to avoid being washed away.

adhering

The production of __________ by bacteria can lead to direct damage to host tissues.

toxins

In __________, both organisms benefit from the interaction.

mutualism

An __________ host is one that harbors the parasite and serves as a source of infection for humans.

reservoir

Climate change can expand the range of __________, such as mosquitoes that carry malaria.

vectors

Molecular Koch's postulates focus on identifying the specific genes or __________ factors responsible for disease.

virulence

The __________ hypothesis describes the constant evolutionary changes that occur between hosts and parasites.

Red Queen

The microscopic examination starts with the __________ microscope, which differentiates bacteria using Gram staining.

light

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria that cause direct damage to __________ cells.

host

A common gram-positive bacterium that can lead to toxic shock syndrome is __________.

Staphylococcus aureus

The most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults is __________ pneumoniae.

Streptococcus

Fungi that cause diseases in humans and animals are studied under __________ mycology.

medical

Candidiasis can be caused by __________ spp.

Candida

The typical manifestation of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis includes flu-like symptoms such as fever and __________.

cough

To diagnose bacterial infections, __________ is the first step in microbiological diagnosis.

specimen collection

In terms of transmission, __________ is a common route for respiratory infections like tuberculosis.

inhalation

In bacterial pathogenesis, __________ refers to the mechanism by which bacteria evade the immune system.

evasion

Direct damage, inflammatory response, and autoimmune reactions are outcomes of host damage that lead to __________.

disease manifestation

The __________ process refers to the means by which bacteria are cultured to identify and test their antibiotic susceptibility.

culture

The ability of a microorganism to produce toxins is known as __________.

toxigenicity

Microscopic characteristics such as shape and arrangement are crucial in identifying __________.

bacteria

The specific gene linked to increased virulence in Helicobacter pylori is known as the __________ gene.

cagA

Patients presenting with high fever, severe headache, and a stiff neck may be diagnosed with __________.

bacterial meningitis

The __________ system plays a crucial role in host defense against infections.

immune

Antibody tests to detect specific pathogens fall under __________ diagnosis.

serological

To control a bacterial outbreak, early __________ and appropriate antibiotic therapy are essential.

diagnosis

The inability of some microorganisms to be cultured has led to the development of __________ Koch's postulates.

molecular

For effective treatment of fungal infections, it is essential to know the type of fungal __________ involved.

infection

When identifying bacterial species, biochemical tests are used to differentiate based on __________ properties.

metabolic

The methodology for distinguishing hypoxic from normoxic conditions can include __________ microscopy.

phase-contrast

Infections such as necrotizing fasciitis are often caused by __________ pyogenes.

Streptococcus

The __________ in the web of causation highlights that diseases result from a mixture of factors rather than a single cause.

interconnectedness

The __________ allows for the targeted identification of bacteria through specific media and biochemical tests.

laboratory diagnosis

Antigenic variation is one method of __________ evasion that some bacteria utilize.

immune

Chronic infections where parasites persist without causing severe disease, such as Leishmania in macrophages, demonstrate __________.

carrier status

The type of mycoses that involve internal organs and can spread throughout the body are called __________ mycoses.

systemic

Bacterial pathogens such as __________ affect mechanisms of action through exotoxins or endotoxins.

Clostridium

Microscopy identified the presence of __________ in specimens which helps in rapid diagnosis.

microorganisms