SLHS 512 Study Guide Unit 3

Voicing

The vibration of the vocal cords during the production of speech sounds.

Manner

The way in which airflow is constricted or modified during the production of speech sounds.

Articulation

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

Weak syllable deletion

The omission of unstressed syllables in a word.

Reduplication

The repetition of a syllable or a word.

Final consonant deletion

The omission of the final consonant in a word.

Cluster reduction

The omission of one or more consonants from a consonant cluster.

Cluster simplification

The simplification of a consonant cluster to a single consonant.

Fronting

The substitution of a sound produced in the back of the mouth with a sound produced in the front.

Stopping

The substitution of a fricative or affricate sound with a stop consonant.

Deaffrication

The substitution of a fricative for an affricate.

Gliding of liquids

The substitution of a glide for a liquid sound.

Prevocalic voicing

The voicing of a voiceless consonant that occurs before a vowel.

Postvocalic voicing

The voicing of a voiceless consonant that occurs after a vowel.

Consonant cluster simplification

The simplification of a consonant cluster to a single consonant.

Fricative simplification

The substitution of a simpler sound for a fricative.

Progressive assimilation

A phonological process where a sound changes to become more like a preceding sound.

Regressive assimilation

A phonological process where a sound changes to become more like a following sound.

Velar assimilation

A phonological process where a non-velar sound changes to a velar sound due to the influence of a nearby velar sound.

Labial assimilation

A phonological process where a non-labial sound changes to a labial sound due to the influence of a nearby labial sound.

Assimilation of voice

A phonological process where a sound changes its voicing to match that of a neighboring sound.

Initial consonant deletion

The omission of the initial consonant in a word.

Backing

The substitution of a sound produced in the front of the mouth with a sound produced in the back.

Gliding of fricatives

The substitution of a glide for a fricative sound.

Denasalization

The process of removing nasal quality from speech sounds.

Affrication

The process of producing an affricate sound instead of a fricative.

By age of two what percent should a child's communication be intelligible?

50%

By age of four what percent should a child's communication be intelligible?

90%

By age of 7-8 what percent should a child's communication be intelligible?

100%

Speech sound disorder

An umbrella term referring to any difficulty or combination of difficulties with perception, motor production, or phonological representation of speech sounds.

Organic speech sound disorder

Speech sound disorders that have a known cause (motor/neurologically, structural, sensory/perceptual).

Functional speech sound disorder

Speech sound disorders that have no known cause (idiopathic).

Speech sound disorders of known origin

Include structural deviations, recurrent Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), genetic disorders, hearing loss, dysarthria, and childhood apraxia of speech.

Major oral structural deviations

Include tongue disorders and lip disorders.

Macroglossia

When the tongue is too large for the oral cavity.

Cleft lip and/or palate

A congenital anomaly that can result in significant disruptions in speech production.

Hard palate

Surgical repair for children with clefts of the hard palate is common between 12-14 months.

Soft palate

Critical for velopharyngeal competence, necessary for separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity during non-nasal speech production.

Otitis media

Fluid behind the tympanic membrane without any symptoms of an ear infection.

Otitis media with effusion

Can cause middle ear hearing loss/conductive hearing loss.

SSD caused by hearing loss

Individual hearing losses can range from mild to severe or profound (more than 70 dB HL).

Congenital severe or profound hearing loss

About 20% intelligibility.

SSD-Down Syndrome

Cognitive impairment with phonological acquisition proceeding more slowly, risk of phonological disorder.

Dysarthria

Neurologic motor speech impairments characterized by slow, weak, imprecise, and/or uncoordinated movements of the speech musculature.

Speech related symptoms for dysarthria

Reduced speech intelligibility, imprecise consonants, distortion of sounds, respiration problems, lower intensity, problems in resonance, problems with prosody, slower speech rate, voice problems.

Childhood Apraxia of Speech

Brain has difficulty planning to move the body parts needed for speech, not due to muscle weakness nor structural abnormalities.

Childhood apraxia of speech issues

Problems saying vowels, consonants, syllables, and words with errors that are often very inconsistent.

Speech motor planning and programming

Associated with Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

Speech motor execution

Associated with Dysarthria.

Articulation disorders

Focus on errors in production of individual speech sounds.

Phonological disorders

Focus on predictable, rule-based errors that affect classes of sounds, resulting from an impaired phonological system.

Dodds's differential diagnosis system

Classification by surface error patterns using a descriptive linguistic approach with 5 subgroups.

General characteristics of phonological disorders

Small phonetic inventory, phonemic collapse, target-substitute relationship, rule-based errors, reduced intelligibility.

Common Sound Level Errors (Deletions)

'cu' for 'cup'; '****' for 'spoon'.

Common Sound Level Errors (substitutions)

Fronting: 'dood' for 'good'; stopping: 'pun' for 'fun'; gliding: 'wabbit' for 'rabbit'; deaffrication: 'ship' for 'chip'.

Common Sound Level Errors (additions)

'buhlack' for 'black'.

Common Sound Level Errors (distortions)

Lateral 's'.

Common Sound Level Errors (assimilations)

'nunny' for 'bunny'.

Risk factors for SSDs

Males, pre- and perinatal problems, oral sucking habits, ear, nose, and throat problems, family history of speech and language problems, low socioeconomic status, lack of support for learning in the home.

Associated risks

Significant risk for broader difficulties with language development; 30 - 40% of children with phonological disorder will also experience a language disorder.

Poor speech sound production skills

Associated with lower literacy outcomes and greater risk of reading disorders (e.g., dyslexia).

Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)

Disorders that can interfere with an individual's future social, academic, and vocational well-being.

Dialect differences

Accents and dialects are not speech or language disorders but rather reflect differences.

Bilingualism

Having competency in two languages.

Speech sound errors in bilingual children

A good indicator of speech sound disorder in a bilingual child is if they demonstrate speech sound errors and/or phonological processes across both of their languages.

Assessment of SSD

Includes collecting background information, acquiring a language sample, assessing receptive language skills, articulation, phonology, oral structure, hearing screening, and sharing results with parents.

Case history for SSD

Includes demographic info, areas of concern, communication history, cultural and language history, hearing history, birth history, developmental history, health and medical history, feeding and eating, and family preferences for assessment and treatment.

Purposes of Assessment

1. Description of areas of strength, difficulty, and child's daily functioning. 2. Diagnosis: Determine if the child has an SSD and if intervention is necessary. 3. Intervention planning: Identify the best treatment targets. 4. Outcome measurement: Monitor progress and determine outcomes of intervention.

Comprehensive assessment of children's speech

Includes case history, intelligibility, speech production elements, oral structure and function, hearing screening, phonological processing, literacy skills, psychosocial aspects, and participation in educational and social contexts.

Intelligibility

The degree to which the listener understands what the speaker says when the target is uncertain.

Factors influencing intelligibility

Includes who the listener is, the listener's task, and the medium of transmission.

Communication history

Developmental milestones such as babbling, first words, and combination of words.

Cultural and language history

Languages spoken at home.

Hearing history

Number of ear infections, etc.

Birth history

Pre- and perinatal events.

Developmental history

Milestones such as sitting and walking.

Health and medical history

Other diagnoses, medications, hospitalizations.

Feeding and eating

Child's eating habits and any related issues.

Child and environment

Interests, support system, and communication partners.

Intelligibility assessment methods

Includes single word, connected speech, stimulability, and inconsistency/variability.

Oral structure examination

An examination of the oral-motor function.

Phonological processing

Involves phonological awareness.

Literacy skills

Skills related to reading and writing.

Psychosocial aspects

Factors related to the child's social and emotional well-being.

Participation in contexts

Involvement in educational and social contexts.

Language, voice, and fluency

Assessment of the child's language use, voice quality, and fluency.

Intelligibility in Context Scale

A rating scale available in other languages used to assess intelligibility.

Single-word measures

Assessment tools that evaluate intelligibility based on individual words.

Connected speech measure

Assessment of speech production in connected speech to understand intelligibility in everyday life.

Single word sampling

Standardized assessment such as GFTA-3 or nonstandardized/strategic testing.

Connected speech sampling

Valuable assessment method for understanding intelligibility in everyday life.

Stimulability

A child's ability to immediately modify a speech production error when presented with auditory and visual models.

Assessment of phonological awareness

Explicit awareness of the sound structure of spoken words.

Phonemic awareness

Ability to isolate and manipulate sounds used in spoken language.

Sound isolation

Identifying the first, last, and middle sounds in a word.

Phoneme identity

Identifying the same sound in different words.

Oral blending

Combining sounds to form a word.

Oral segmentation

Breaking down a word into its individual sounds.

Phoneme categorization

Identifying which word does not belong in a group based on sound.

Phoneme deletion

Removing a sound from a word to form a new word.