psyc221 test one

multi choice

sally is going on a first date! she meets her date, Tim, and immediately thinks he is attractive. According to the halo effect, what is Sally most likely to infer about Tim?

he is friendly

Mary is a fan of the basketball team called the Wallabies. She meets the players at a meet and greet, and they were incredibly rude to her. Instead of thinking they are assholes, she thought maybe they were having a bad day. What processing principal is Mary showing the most?

conservatism

in Gilbert, Pelham and Krull’s study, they found that the group that thought the lady was talking about relaxing things (while displaying anxious behaviours) was indeed more anxious than the group that thought she was talking about anxiety inducing things. this is the ‘correction’ stage of what model?

3 stage model of trait inference

how would you imagine Donald trump to be placed on the primary dimension of social perception graph?

low warmth, low competence

In the study by Cantor and Mischel, they read sentences about Gary, who is introverted. After a filler task they found that people who were read introverted sentences were more likely to recall other sentences that were not present in the original set. What type of bias is this?

memory bias

Sally watches her date, Tim, start yelling at the waitress because they cooked his steak medium rare when he likes it well done. Sally is wondering how on earth could he look so friendly and nice but be such an asshole!!! Sally is displaying….

causal attribution

While Tim was going to work in the pouring rain, he watches someone slip over on the footpath. He attributes it to the guy being clumsy and not watching where he was going. Later that day, Tim is running late to his therapy appointment and slips on the footpath too!!! He attributes this to him running as quick as he can (since he is late) and having shoes with no grip on them. what bias is Tim showing here?

actor/observer effect

what would correspondence inference theory predict if Mark watched Josh litter?

That Josh hates the environment

Say you watched someone side eye the pope, and refused to shake their hand. You infer they hate religeon. what part of correspondence inference theory would this most likely represent?

Social desirability

say Tim (the actor), is hitting on Sally (the target) at work. almost everyone at the office hits on sally all the time, especially Tim. Although, he doesn’t hit on anyone else. According to Kelly’s Theory of Causal Attribution, what attribution can we make from this?

external attribution of the target

According to the Abnormal conditions focus model of causal attributions, if person A was yelling at person B, and this was high in distinctiveness, what attribution would someone make?

attribute cause of person A’s behaviour to person B

say you just completed a math test, and you feel like you did really well!!! you attribute this to putting in a lot of effort in class and while studying. According to Weiner’s attribution theory, this is a result of

locus of causality = internal, and stability = unstable

Lepper and co investegated whether telling kids that they would win a prize for playing with markers would increase or decrease the amount of time played compared to the control group (who received no prize). They found that the ‘prize’ group played significantly less with the markers than the control group. This relates to Bem’s self perception theory because…

the ‘prize’ group has less intrinsic motivation than the control, attributing that they don’t enjoy playing with the markers

Misattribution of arousal (Zimmermann) argues that sally would be more likely to kiss Tim if…

they watched a horror movie together

Morty is sad. Morty thinks Rick thinks he is sad. But this is not true as Rick thinks Morty is a pain in the a**. This is an example of

meta-accuracy

Heinberg + Thompson found that women who scored low on body satisfaction, and were then shown advertisements of the skinny ‘ideal’ body type, that at a later point in time these same women scored high on a depression scale. What theory was their study testing?

Social Comparison Theory (Festinger)

Both Rick and Morty has to go to an intergalactic space conference where the Obbascoffas (aliens) were holding Summer hostage. Rick thought that they should bombard into the conference shooting, while Morty thought they should pretend to be part of the conference, and quietly take back summer, then escape. Rick was advocating for blank 1 self monitor, while Morty wads advocating for blank 2 self monitor.

low, high

time pressure for an assignment to be done is what type of threat to the self concept?

stressor

According to Self Discrepancy theory (Higgins), if your parents want you to be a doctor, what self guide does this represent?

ought self

Sally has just broken up with Tim, and thinks she will be sad forever. what bias is sally showing?

fading affect bias

self complexity theory states that Jim will feel blank 1 sad if he only categorises himself as a worker and a basketball player, than Pam who categorises herself as a worker, fiancé, artist and gym girl. this is because Pam has more blank 2 than Jim

more, self domains

Edna is self handicapping because she is going out the night before her written exam on superhero fabrics. what buffer is she using to cope with stress?

problem focused coping

Abbie crashed her car. She immediately thought “if only I wasn’t distracted thinking about Christmas, I might have not crashed”. although this thought made her feel shit, she never was distracted while driving again. This is an example of:

upward counterfactual thinking

Fesitnger decided to follow a cult that thought the world was going to end on a specific day. On said day, their leader got ‘a calling’ from the aliens (who were going to end the world) that they indeed WERE NOT GOING TO END THE WORLD. Her followers decided after that point to try even harder to get other people to join the cult. this study was to test the theory of….

cognitive dissonance

if Sally and Ruby both like each other and both dislike Tim, who in turn dislikes both of them, consistency between all of them is maintained. this is an example of:

Balance theory

what type of stereotype is water categorised into?

natural kinds

Hamilton and Gilford completed a study where people read about behaviours of two groups of people. the first group contained 16 positive behaviours, and 8 negative behaviours. the second group comtained 8 positive behaviours and 4 negative behaviours. after a filler task, they were asked to recall the number of behaviours and if they were positive and negative for each group According to Illusory correlation theory, they found that

people though the second group had way more negative behaviour than it actually did

Jerry was in a happy mood before he went up to talk to Tom. Afterwards, Jerry assumed that tom likes fish, sleeping in the sun, and throwing up hairballs. what was the name of this effect that caused Jerry to stereotype so crazy style?

incidental affect

Donald assumes that Asher is poor because he doesn’t try hard enough in school. this is an example of

role justification

Luxon thinks that young people need to stop, complaining, get up off their asses, get a job, and that the cost of living crisis will be fixed. what justification tendency is being displayed here?

system justification

The war between Israel and Palestine is what type of intergroup conflict?

realistic conflict theory

Luxon feel threatened because Asher is getting free money from the government. He thinks that the country is too ‘woke’ and that the top 10% deserve more. this is an example of what intergroup conflict theory?

relative deprivation theory

Biernatt and Vesco conducted a study with the Kansas softball team. The team was picking new players, and had both male and female options who were high skill, average skill and low skill. They found that all the high skill players were picked, none of the low skill players were picked, but more average skill men were picked than average women. This is an example of

shifting standards of stereotypes

Willow meets this guy call Nate. Nate is a skinhead, and while a black person was walking by Nate called him a n**** . a couple minutes later Nate noticed an old black lady trying to cross the street, and ran over to help her. Sherman’s Encoding flexibility model would argue that

the first behaviour would be encoded quickly and easily, and the second behaviour would require more deep thought

Say you have two rugby teams that really dislike each other. Contact hypothesis (Allport) would argue that the best way to get around this is by

getting individuals from each team to meet and learn about each others lives

Mary meets a punk who isn’t into drugs. what type of stereotype change would this scenario represent?

the bookkeeping model

A mother who is Cristian has just found out her daughter is a lesbian. She used to hate the gays, but since hearing this she has learned to love them. this is an example of what stereotype change?

conversion model

Josh meets an African American housewife for the first time, and creates a new steretopye catergory for her. this is an example of what stereotype change?

sub typing model

what are the three ways to overcome stereotype change resistance?

1. repeated inconsistency

2. widespread consistency

3. being typical as well as consistent

what are the tree things thatare needed for contact hypothesis to work?

1. support by authority

2. equal status of groups

3. cooperation

Devine et al conducted a study where participants were either low or high on prejudice. They asked them hypothetical questions around marginalised communities that had clear stereotypes. They got them to answer how they 'would’ react, and also how they ‘should’ react. They found that people with low prejudice felt sad if their ‘would’ and ‘should’ did not match up. what type of motivation to avoid prejudice did these low participants have?

concern with acting prejudice

According to optimal distinctiveness theory (Brewer), what are the two needs we have when looking for group identities?

affiliation, distinctiveness

Tajfel et al get people and randomly assigned them to group A or group B. They measured in-group bias by giving individuals matrices representing how much money your group gains and how much money the out group gains. they found that people picked the slot which has the most relative gain for their group. what was this study called?

the minimal group paradigm

Melvin, a gay guy has been subject to prejudice (via people calling him a fag). Minority Stress Theory (Meyer) argues that this is an example of

external stressor

Sally has recently consumed a lot of media around how women need to fit a certain body type to be loveable by a man, and taken seriously in society. She begins to think she needs to lose weight to fit in, and start going to the gym regularly. according to minority stress theory, this is an example of

internal stressor

Lucy is Māori, and she has been subject to lots of racial prejudice and has began to internalise it. She has decided that she will stop speaking her reo, ditch all her Māori friends and try fit in with the white girls at her school. She feels lonely and like she has to hide her true self. according to minority stress theory this is an example of

minority stress

Mark is bisexual but is hiding it from everyone, only he knows. What type of mitigation strategy is this?

concealment

Lucy is Māori (and looks Māori) but refuses to speak her reo, go to her marae with her whanau, or hang out with her Māori friends at school. what kind of mitigation strategy is this?

disidentifying

Luke is at Christmas dinner and his uncle starts going on about how “pronouns are stupid” and “back in my day…”. Luke decided after dinner to sit down his uncle and explain to him how that isn’t an okay behaviour. what type of mitigation strategy is this?

social change

Luke decides to create a safe space for rainbow community members at his high school. What theory does this situation represent?

social safety perspective